Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 Indian Removal

2. Indian Removal 1783-1838 One of the darkest periods in Indian (Native American) history. • Forced out of their traditional lands and moved to unknown territories. • Georgia was no exception

3. James Vann • Cherokee Indian Chief • Plantation owner • Had slaves • Murray County, GA • Indians still hunters and farmers… • Contributed to advancement of the Cherokee Nation. Chief James Vann The Vann House

4. Sequoyah • George Gist • Cherokee Indian • “Lonely Lame One” • Blacksmith • Interested in the “white man’s talking leaves” (letters) • Created an alphabet and syllabary for the Cherokee spoken language. • 1st tribe to have a written language • 12 years to complete • Received 1st North American literary prize ($500/year) • Syllabary: a group of symbols that stand for whole syllables (sounds) • Without closing lips Sequoyah-George Gist Sequoyah’s Alphabet

5. Cherokee Phoenix • Elias Boudinot: editor of the first Indian newspaper (Cherokee Phoenix) • United the tribes of the Cherokee Nation from Alabama to Virginia • Cherokee capital used to be where ever the ‘principal’ chief lived • i.e.. Stephens County (1715) • Permanent capital established at New Echota • Present day Gordon County • Library, courthouses and newspaper located here • Followed almost identical form of government as the United States and Georgia (Constitutions)

6. Indian and Settler Conflicts A constant conflict remained between the Indians and westward moving settlers. • Some settlers and traders cheated, tricked, and enslaved Indians…increasing the tensions. Capitol building at New Echota

7. The Yamasee War (1715) • The Yamasee (Creek) Tribe attacked and killed South Carolinian traders in coastal towns. • The settlers plan to defeat a larger Indian force was to divide the tribes to fight against one another • Lower Creeks going to meet the Cherokee to talk about war plans were instead attacked by them causing a split that would last for years • The Creeks eventually moved west (inland) • The ones that remained were the same that would go on to help Oglethorpe

8. The French and Indian War 1756-1763 “The Seven Years War” • Fought over fur trading rights of North America, Atlantic, and territorial disputes. • Ohio and Mississippi Rivers • Virginia Governor Dinwiddie sent George Washington to the French Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) with an ultimatum to leave. • After a French reply of “No’ Washington returned with British troops and was defeated at Great Meadows, PA. • Ultimatum: a threat to take action if a demand is not met (“or else”) Governor Dinwiddie Washington surrendering to the French

9. French Indian Allies: Cherokee, Delaware, Shawnee, Ottawa… Most tribes sided with the French Fighting Methods: Hiding behind trees ad in the cover of the forest (Guerrilla War) British Indian Allies: Iroquois… Fighting Methods: Dressed in bright uniforms, marched in formation, with drums pounding and band playing French and Indian War

10. F & I War Events • 1759: The British capture of Quebec • Signaled the end of French power in North America • 1763: Congress of Augusta: • Governors from Georgia, SC, NC, and Virginia met with Indian representatives • Indian Chiefs promised peace and gave up much of their land • Treaty of Paris of 1763: • France-gave up North American territory EAST of the Mississippi River • Spain-lost Florida Quebec 1759

11. Proclamation of 1763 • Established boundaries to preserve the peace between the Indians and the colonists. • Colonists could settle in all areas EAST of the Appalachian Mountains • Georgia’s southern boundary was extended to the St. Mary’s River

12. The Oconee War • During the late 1700s, as pioneer settlements pushed into Creek lands, bad feelings started to arise along the Oconee River region. • Indians attacked settlements and pioneers were ordered to shoot the Creek on sight. • Creek Chief: Alexander McGillivray • Pres. Washington and McGillivray met in New York to discuss a peace. • Treaty of New York: • Creek gave up land East of the Oconee River • Money given to Creek • U.S. promised no settlers West of the Oconee River • Government would give farming equip. • Both side ignored the treaty • Smaller treaties maintained a fragile peace until 1812. Alexander McGillivray

13. War Against the Creek Indians Georgia’s version of the War of 1812 • Red Sticks: Creek Indians who wanted war and allied themselves with the British • White Sticks: Creek Indians who wanted peace Fort Mims • 1000 Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims (Alabama) killing 400 settlers, army officers, and White Sticks. • U.S. troops from Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi Territories rallied. • “Remember Fort Mims!”

14. Battle of Horseshoe Bend • No battles in Georgia against British troops during the War of 1812. Battle of Horseshoe Bend • General Andrew Jackson: led a group of U.S. soldiers against Red Stick Creeks and defeating them. • The Creek united nation was now becoming divided and separated; weakening with every defeat. Andrew Jackson Collage

15. Monroe Doctrine President James Monroe • No European nation could establish new colonies in the Western hemisphere. • No European nation could intervene in the affairs of independent New World nations. • The United States would not interfere in European affairs, including any already established colonies in the New World.

16. Instrumental People Dahlonega Gold Coin Governor George Troup

17. “Glass” Treaties • Treaty of Indian Springs: Chief William McIntosh and Georgia Governor George Troup (Cousins!) arranged to have Indian lands given to Georgia in exchange for $200,000 • Many Creeks disagreed with the Treaty and murdered McIntosh at his home in Carroll County. • Treaty of Washington: 2 million acres of land were to be set aside for Creek living and farming in the Alabama and Mississippi Territories. • Creek could then own the land after 5 years. • Treaty was almost instantly broken by frontiersmen who burned and looted Indian homes, while also killing many Indians. • U.S. Army intervened and moved 1000 Creek to the Indian Territory of Oklahoma • To help stop this removal the Creek offered to help the U.S. fight in the Seminole War in Florida…didn’t work. • James Fenimore Cooper: “The Last of the Mohicans”

18. Indian Removal Act • 1828: Andrew Jackson elected President • Was allied with the Indians when fighting against the Red Sticks • Allied with Southern whites after the fighting was over • VOTES! • Indian Removal Act (1830): • Called for Indians to be moved to the western territories (Oklahoma) • Passed by only 14 votes in Congress • Georgia Creek and Cherokee conditions: • Lost hunting grounds (starving) • Begging for food (Columbus) • Smallpox • Gold in Dahlonega! • “Discovered” by Benjamin Parks (Cherokee had known) • Auraria: first gold mining center in the U.S. • As miners moved in, disputes arose between the white man’s laws and the Indians (Even rights to the gold)

19. Missionaries in Georgia • Missionaries helped the Indians with many aspects of life…religion, farming, government, and decent. • 1830: Georgia passed a law stating that any white person could not live on Indian land without taking an “oath of allegiance”. • Samuel Worchester and Elizur Butler (Missionaries) arrested for failing to take oath • Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in their favor • Gwinnett County refused to release them and President Andrew Jackson said, “John Marshall has rendered his decision; now let him enforce it!” Chief Justice John Marshall

20. The Trail of Tears • Cherokee Chief John Ross made several last ditch effort trips to Washington to ask Congress for help…None came! • Treaty of New Echota: Cherokee summoned to their Capital and told to sign the treaty giving up their rights to all remaining southeastern land. • 2000 Cherokee agreed to sign and move west for money and assistance. • 15000 Cherokee refused to sign; staying behind. • These are the Indians that would become “The Trail of Tears”

21. The Trail of Tears • General Winfield Scott was ordered to remove the remaining 15000 Cherokee • They were rounded up and placed in stockades where hundreds died of illness • Internment Camps • Two routes: • Crowded boats using a river passage • Others began an 800 mile walk to the new Indian territory • Food was scarce • Boats dirty • Sickness and starvation • Major Ridge, a Cherokee trader, and his son, as well as Elias Boudinot were killed by the other Indians for signing the treaty without tribal approval. • Emigrated: move out or away from • ANuna-da-ut-sun’y: “The trail where they cried!”

22. CREDITS I • Page 2: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567.html • Page 3 (2): http://home.alltel.net/vannhouse/ • Page 4 (2): http://www.neosoft.com/powersource/gallery/people/sequoyah.html • Page 6: http://ngeorgia.com/parks/new.html • Page 7: http://www.petersnn.org/1st_people.htm • Page 8: http://members.tripod.com/~ripple4u/rdinwiddie.htm • Page 8: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h608.html • Page 10: http://www.canadianheritage.org/reproductions/20267.htm • Page 10: http://www.historicaldocuments.com/TreatyofParis1763Maplg.htm • Page 11: http://www.alexandriacentral.org/cove/proc1763.html • Page 12: http://www.gwu.edu/~ffcp/exhibit/p9/p9_7.html • Page 12: http://www.ncf.ca/~cv297/famous.html • Page 14: http://www.multied.com/1812/Horseshoe.html • Page 14: http://www.ngb.army.mil/gallery/presidential/jackson.asp • Page 15: http://www.jamesmonroe.net/

23. CREDITS II • Page 16: http://www.americanliterature.com/LM/LMINDX.HTML • Page 16: http://www.rootsweb.com/~okgenweb/maps/itmap.htm • Page 16: http://www.sos.state.ga.us/onlinetour/2ndfloor/portarits/george_troup.html • Page 19: http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/13/ • Page 20: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/trail-of-tears.htm • Page 20: http://ngeorgia.com/people/scott.html