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CAGLIARI (IT) – JUNE /2014

The animal metaphor and the conceptualization of cabra (goat) in Brazilian Portuguese Speaker FERNANDA CAVALCANTI cavalcanti7fernanda@gmail.com. CAGLIARI (IT) – JUNE /2014.

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CAGLIARI (IT) – JUNE /2014

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  1. The animal metaphor and the conceptualization of cabra (goat) in Brazilian Portuguese SpeakerFERNANDA CAVALCANTIcavalcanti7fernanda@gmail.com CAGLIARI (IT) – JUNE /2014 Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  2. The animal metaphor and the conceptualization of cabra (goat) in Brazilian Portuguese SpeakerFERNANDA CAVALCANTIcavalcanti7fernanda@gmail.com CAGLIARI (IT) – JUNE /2014 Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  3. INTRODUCTION • Theanimal metaphor and the conceptualization of cabra (goat) in Brazilian Portuguese ’s researchfocused on polysemic uses of the conventional expression cabra (goat) and highlights the uses of that expression which, in certain regions of Brazil, can be applied to refer both to the animal itself or to a man. • The main objective of the research was to analyze emergencies of concepts regarding the male figure, both physically and socio-culturally situated, especially those that license the conventional expression cabra (goat). Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  4. INTRODUCTION • One of the objectives of the survey applications was to discuss in the light of Conceptual Metaphor Theory whether and how animal metaphors motivate the conventional expression cabra (goat). • The research is based on congruent animal metaphors, such as - HUMAN IS ANIMAL, OBJECTIONABLE PEOPLE ARE ANIMALS and PEOPLE ARE ANIMALS (Kövecses, 2010) and the GREAT CHAIN OF BEING METAPHOR (Lakoff and Turner, 1989). Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  5. METHODOLOGY Surveys : • Four surveys of three, thirteen, sixteen and ten questions each, were applied with 123 participants from Fortaleza, Northeast of Brazil. Participants’ profile: • 105 undergratuate students aged, in general, between 19 and 23 years old, from two universities in Fortaleza. • 18 independent professionals, aged, in general, between 40 and 55 years old (teachers, psychologists, educators, social project directors, designers and doormen). • A Qualitative-Quantitative treatment of the data was carried out. Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  6. METHODOLOGY • The analysis was based on five criteria: • The participants’ mental images of cabra(goat). • The participants’ judgments about the real life usage examples of the expression cabra (goat). • The participants’ judgment about the different definitions of the expression cabra (goat). • The participants’ perception and beliefs regarding the relation man and animal, especially the relation man and the animal cabra (goat). • The participants’ perception and beliefs about the language and culture. Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  7. METHODOLOGY Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  8. METHODOLOGY Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  9. METHODOLOGY Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  10. METHODOLOGY Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  11. DATA AND RESULTS • 1. The participants’ mental images of cabra(goat). Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  12. DATA AND RESULTS • 2.The Participants judgments about the real life usage examples of the expression cabra (goat). Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  13. DATA AND RESULTS • 3. The participants’ judgment about the different definitions of the expression cabra (goat). Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  14. DATA AND RESULTS • 4. The participants’ perception and beliefs regarding the relation between man and animal, especially the relation man and the animal cabra (goat). Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  15. DATA AND RESULTS • 4. The participants’ perception and beliefs regarding the relation man and animal, especially the relation between man and the animal cabra (goat). (cont.) Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  16. DATA AND RESULTS • 5. The participants’ perception and beliefs about the language and culture. Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  17. ANALYSIS • According to the participants: • the expression cabra (goat) evokes , at first, the image of animal and secondly the image of man; • if, on the one hand, it is not appropriate the northeastern man be represented by cabra(goat) because it could be offensive; on the other hand an expression cabrabom(good goat) evokes an image of a good guy; • If the expression cabra (goat) was judged as offensive to address for bosses, co-workers and authorities, it is not so clear if the use of that expression is or is not offensive to address for grandfather, father, brothers and friends in general; Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  18. ANALYSIS (iv) The use of that expression is evaluated as a peculiar expression of the Northeast of Brazil. (v) The use of that expression could be evaluated as offensive or flattering. That is, when a man is called by cabra (goat), he could be evaluated like a sexist and rude person or he could be evaluated like a strong, courageous and hardworking person. (vi) In terms of use of expression cabra, the most representative meaning is a ‘man’ and the less representative one is ‘hired killer’. In terms of use of expression cabradapesteand cabra macho (virile goat) , the most representative meaning is Brazilian northeastern man. Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  19. ANALYSIS (vii) In general the relationship between man and animal was evaluated well. However, it seems that it is not well evaluated the fact the human being is represented by the animal in general. Because the animals are not rational; they have no sense of morality, no language and no aesthetic sense . Yet, some animals were evaluated well such as: birds and big cats. (viii) In terms of goat animal, it was evaluated as brave stubborn, strong-willed animal as well as tough in face of adversity situations . It was also evaluated as important animal in terms of social and cultural role. (ix) In terms of northeastern man, he was viewed as different of the Brazilian man in general because he is sexist, rude, courageous, and hardworking. Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  20. CONCLUSION • Weemphasizethepolysemicandmetaphoricalnatureoftheexpressioncabra, oncetheparticipantsadmitthattheexpressionrefers to botha brave, valuable man (in the sense of friendship) and an unsophisticated, rude man; and they admit that kind of man is understood in terms of negative and positive characteristics. That is, the participants understand man in terms of goat based on the congruent animal metaphors that capture negative and positive characteristics of human beings (Kövecses , 2010). • Theconceptofcabra (goat) is motivatedbycongruent animal metaphorssuch as:Thegeneric-level conceptual metaphor HUMAN IS ANIMAL andthespecificlevel conceptual metaphors RUDE, SEXIST , NON EDUCATED MAN IS GOAT; BRAVE, RESISTANT MAN IS GOAT. Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

  21. THANK YOU ! Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

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  23. REFERENCES • KÖVECSES, Zoltán. Universalidade versus não-universalidade metafórica. In: SIQUEIRA, Maity. (Org.). Cadernos de Tradução. Porto Alegre, n. 25,p.257-277, jul-dez. 2009. • KÖVECSES, Z. Metaphor: a practicalintroduction. 2a edição. Nova York: Oxford University Press. 2010. • LAKOFF, George. Women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press, 1987. • LAKOFF, George. Cognitive semantics. In: ECO,U. SANTAMBROGIO, M. VIOLLI, P (Orgs.), Meaning and Mental Representation. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988. p.119-154. • LAKOFF, George. The contemporary theory of metaphor. In: ORTONY, Andrew (Ed.). Metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. p.202-251. • LAKOFF, G. The neural theory of metaphor. In: GIBBS, Raymond W (Ed.). The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. p.17-38. • LAKOFF, G. JOHNSON, M. Metáforas da Vida Cotidiana. São Paulo: EDUC e Mercado das Letras. (1980), 2002. • LAKOFF, G. TURNER, M. More than Cool Reason: A field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. • MACEDO, Ana Cristina Pelosi de. Categorização semântica: uma retrospectiva de teorias e pesquisa. Revista do Gelne. v. 4, n. 1/2, 2002. • MACEDO, Ana Cristina Pelosi de. Cognição e linguística. In: MACEDO, Ana Cristina Pelosi de; FELTES; Heloísa Pedroso de Moraes; FARIAS, Emília Maria Peixoto (Orgs.). Cognição e linguística: explorando territórios, mapeamentos e percursos. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, 2008. p.9-37. • RODRIGUEZ, Irene Lopéz. Women, biches, chickens and vixens: animal metaphors for women in English and Spanish. Revista de EstudiosCulturales de laUniversitatJaume I. v.VII. p.77-10, 2009. • ROSCH, Eleanor. Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experiemental Psychology. General. n.104, p.192-233, 1975. • ROSCH, Eleanor et al. Basic object in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, n.8. p.382-439, 1976. • ROSCH, Eleanor; MERVIS, Carolyn B. Family resemblances: studies in the internal structures of categories. CognitivePsychology, n.7. p.573-605, 1975. • WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig. Tratado lógico-filosófico/Investigações filosóficas. Lisboa. FundaçãoCalousteGulbenkian, 1987. • YU, Ning. Metaphor from body and culture. In: GIBBS, Raymond (Ed.). The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 247-261, 2008. Slides – Fernanda Cavalcanti

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