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Outline

Outline. Contributors to aggression Learning Social learning theory Media and violence Today will we be discussing body image, anorexia, and physical abuse Evolution Culture Situation Frustration aggression hypothesis How to reduce aggression. Is it due to evolution?.

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Outline

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  1. Outline • Contributors to aggression • Learning • Social learning theory • Media and violence • Today will we be discussing body image, anorexia, and physical abuse • Evolution • Culture • Situation • Frustration aggression hypothesis • How to reduce aggression

  2. Is it due to evolution? Are we born into it?

  3. Evolution? • Aggression allows people to defend their group and perpetuate one’s genes • Men 1) establish dominance (attracts mate) 2) ensure their paternity

  4. Is it culture? • As culture changes so too does aggression • Iroquois • Culture of honor • Be Polite to show honor • Act aggressively when honor affronted to restore status

  5. Culture of Honor

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  7. Is it due to the situation? • Frustration aggression hypothesis • Frustration – being prevented from reaching goals • Increases probability of aggression • Important factors • How close to goal – closer more aggression • Cut in line 2nd or 12 spot, more aggression when 2nd • Frustration is unexpected • Relative deprivation (you have less than you deserve), not deprivation alone contributes to frustration

  8. Is it due to the situation? • Response to provocation • Retaliate more when provoked, unless learn of mitigating circumstance • Presence of aggressive stimuli, increases aggression • Alcohol • Expectations may be more important than level of intoxication • Heat and Pain • Long hot summer

  9. Figure 12.1The Long, Hot SummerWarm temperatures increase the likelihood that violent riots and other aggressive acts will occur. (Adapted from Carlsmith & Anderson, 1979)

  10. How to reduce Aggression • Catharsis – release the aggression by performing an aggressive act, watching one, or fantasizing about one. • Freud’s hydraulic theory of aggression • Doesn’t work • Acts of violence increase after watching aggression. • Being allowed to aggress at time 1, does not curb aggression at time 2

  11. How to reduce Aggression (cont) • Punishment • Insufficient punishment works • Judicial system • Punishment works when: • Prompt Certain / consistent • **consistency/certainty more important as a deterrent than severity • Perceived fair by the aggressor • Judicial system ineffective in light of these principles • Is corporal (physical) punishment effective? • # spankings can predict later child aggression, controlling for orig. aggression level

  12. How to reduce Aggression (cont) • Active enabling techniques – ways of coping (count to 10) • Receive an apology • Teach Effective communication • Teach Empathy • Reduce daily aggression

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