Organic wastes: Quantities, composition, collection and present treatment

1. Organic wastes: Quantities, composition, collection and present treatment Håkan Jönsson Professor Hakan.Jonsson@et.slu.se Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

2. Waste terminology • Waste (avfall) - items, materials and substances which the owner discards of, intends to discard of or is obliged to discard of according to directive 91/156/EEG • Household waste (Hushållsavfall) – Normal waste from a household – In Sweden latrine and sludge from septic tanks are included (and so is source separated urine) • Biowaste (compostable, lätt nedbrytbart avfall, komposterbart)– biologically degradable waste • Kitchen waste, food waste (Köksavfall, matavfall) – Biodegradable waste from kitchens, from food preparation and left-overs. • Latrine(latrin) – mixture of urine and faeces • Bulky waste (grovavfall) – household waste that is to bulky to be collected in bags or bins

3. Waste terminology – 2 • Combustible waste (brännbart avfall)– Waste which can burn by itself – waste with a certain energy content. • Hazardous waste (farligt avfall) – Waste according to directive 91/689/EEG – certain properties and/or content

4. Waste terminology – 3 • Reusability (återanvändning) – components • Recyclability, recoverability(återvinning och materialåtervinning) – material and substances • Recycling centre (återvinningscentral) – Large manned centre for recovering recyclable and recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc. • Recycling station (återvinningsstation) – Small unmanned station for recovering recyclable and recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc.

5. EU Waste hierarchy EU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008 and new waste directive 1. Prevent generation (Minimera uppkomst) 2. Reuse product/component (Återanvänd produkt) -e.g. bottles 3. Recycle materials (Återvinn material) - glas, plastics, compost, digestion residue) 4. Other recovery - energy etc. (Annan återvinning, energi etc.) – incinerate, digest (förbränn, röta) 5. Safe and environmentally safe disposal (Säkert slutligt bortskaffande) landfilling of inert waste (deponering av icke nedbrytbart avfall) Member States shall take measures to encourage the options that deliver the best overall environmental outcome – i.e. the hierarchy can be diverged from.

6. EU Waste Goals and Means EU coucil - parlament compromise 20/10/2008 • 2011 Eco-design policy focusing on durable, reusable and recyclable products. • 2014 Setting waste prevention and decoupling objectives for 2020. • Annual review of progress in the implementation of waste prevention program.

7. EU Waste Goals EU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008 Reuse and recycling • By 2015 separate collection at least of paper, metal, plastic and glass. • By 2020 re-use and recycling of at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from households minimum overall 50% by weight. • By 2020 re-use, recycling and other material recovery, including backfilling of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste minimum 70% by weight. • Bio-waste: Member States must encourage the separate collection of bio-waste with a view to the composting and digestion of bio-waste. • End-of-waste: Criteria should be considered at least for paper, glass, metal, tires and textiles. • Reclassification of hazardous waste as non-hazardous waste may not be achieved by diluting or mixing the waste with the aim of lowering the initial concentrations of hazardous substances.

8. Separate collection of biowaste

9. Waste – Swedish goals 16 national environmental quality goals (wordings under revision) Objectives: good health, environment and resource efficiency • Limited effect on the climate • Emissions of green house gases - Average for 2008-2012 should be 4% less than 1990. • Good built environment (God bebyggd miljö) • Decreased waste • Landfilling halved – Should decrease by 50% 1994 to 2005 • Waste generation should not increase • 35% of food waste from households should be treated biologically by 2010, and 100% of suitable corresponding industrial waste • 60% of sewage phosphorus should be recycled to productive land by 2015. • Non-toxic environment (Giftfri miljö) • 2015 should the exposure of the population to Cd be at a safe level • Ban from 2007 on Hg and persistent bio-accumulating carcinogenic, mutagenic and reproduction disruptive substances • Ban from 2010 on Cd and Pb and other persistent bio-accumulating organic substances

10. Waste – Swedish means • Waste must be sorted (illegal to incinerate or landfill unsorted waste) • Illegal to landfill sorted combustible waste from 2002 • Illegal to landfill biowaste from 2005 • Landfill tax (2000 250 SEK/ton, 2005 370 SEK SEK/ton, and since 2006 435 SEK/ton). • Tax on the fossil energy content going to waste incineration (2006 71- 487 SEK/ton) depending on how energy is utilized (was removed Oct 2010). • Producer responsibility for products newsprint, office paper, packaging materials, electric & electronic, cars & tyres)

11. Biowaste - Sweden • 35% of food waste from households should be treated biologically (including home composting) by 2010, and 100% of suitable corresponding industrial waste • Estimated amount  350.000 ton, 39 kg/pers,yr • Estimated additional cost 155 mill SEK/yr Reasons • Save fossil resources – recycle nutrients and humus • Minimize landfilling • Small scale – less transports • Encourages environmental conscience and thus a non-toxic environment • Improves incinerator utilization

12. Responsibilities • Municipality – responsible for all household waste (including septic sludge, source separated urine etc.) and similar waste from activities, but excluding source separated producer responsible waste • Producers for waste with product responsibility (newsprint, office paper, packaging, electric & electronic, cars & tires) – but municipalities are responsible for the historic electric waste of the households • Enterprises and businesses – responsible for their own waste, except for the hazardous waste in municipalities which have decided to enlarge their responsibility to all hazardous waste in the municipality

13. Materials & wastes 1998 Total 129 million ton/yr

14. Household waste, 1000 of ton/yr 2008 - 511 kg/person, yr

15. Landfilling, 1000 of ton/yr 2008 – 15.2 kg/person hh waste

16. Landfill

17. Treatment of household waste 2008 Material recycling 35% + 13% biotreatment=48%

18. Material recovery

19. Incineration, 1000 of ton/yr 248 kg/pers hh waste 2008

20. GRAABS plant, Gothenburg

21. Waste incineration 2008 • 29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6 Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste • Sizes; > 200 000/yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin, Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), 100 000 - 200 000/yr 4 plants and <100 000/yr 18 plants • Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29% of district heating) & 1.5 TWh electricity (1% of electricity use) • Mass decreases by 75%, volume by 90%. • Residues: slag 20%, fly ash 3-5% (hazardous waste) • Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction

22. Air emissions

23. Digestion, 1000 of ton/yr 2008: 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41 Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste New classification from 2004

24. Anaerobic digestion

25. Energy from biowaste – anaerobic digestion • 2008: 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41 Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste • 50% plants 10 000-70 000/yr, 50% <10 000 • In addition, approx 120 digestion plants for sewage sludge • Biogas 55-70% CH4, 30-45% CO2, H2S, H2O, NH3 • Gas treatment needed depends on biogas use • Heat – no/minimal cleaning, removal of H2S good • Electricity+heat - H2S cleaning • Mobile fuel (mainly buses) - CO2 and H2S cleaning

26. Composting, 1000 of ton/yr 2008: >31 municipalities, 5 >20.000 ton, 9 10-20.000 ton/yr New classification from 2006

27. Biologically treated household waste, 1000 of ton/yr Goal 2010 35% of food waste treated biologically2008 approx 20% was treated biologically, 133 of 290 municipalities collect food waste separately New classification from 2006

28. Biodegma plant –Goretex roof

29. Quality Assurance System • Compost plants: 3 compost plants • AD plants: 8 plants • 30 AD plants in voluntary agreement on minimizing methane emissions

30. Quality Assurance levels(mg/kg DM) Ref: European Compost Network, http://www.compostnetwork.info/index.php?id=10

31. Swedish waste economy Cost • Municipality – household waste management 2008 • Single houses, 26 collections/yr, approx 1980 SEK/hh, yr; Apartments 1300 SEK/hh, yr. On average 675 SEK/pers, yr • Producers – miljöavgift • Producer responsibility fees (2001) : Single houses – 220-400 SEK/hh, yr Treatment fees 2008 Landfilling 700-1200 kr/ton Incineration 550-1100 kr/ton Biologal treatment 400-800 kr/ton

32. Waste generation Western EU Source: Waste and material flows 2004 Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia

33. Waste generation central & eastern Europe Source: Waste and material flows 2004 Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia

34. Household waste vs GDP 2005 Energy from waste - An international perspective, ISSN 1103-4092

35. Waste generation in developing countries

36. Waste composition developing countries Zurbrügg. 2002. Urban Solid Waste Management in Low –Income Countries of Asia How to Cope with the Garbage Crisis

37. Packaging put on market Source: Waste and material flows 2004 Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia

38. Packaging recovered Source: Waste and material flows 2004 Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia

39. Municipal waste treatment EU Source: Waste and material flows 2004 Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia

40. Energy from waste – Europe Sweden recovers 2,5 MWh/ton Netherlands 1,4 MWh/ton UK ~ 0,6 MWh/ton Energy from waste - An international perspective, ISSN 1103-4092

41. Biogas and Landfill gas in EU Energy from waste - An international perspective, ISSN 1103-4092

42. Biogas and Landfill gas use in EU Energy from waste - An international perspective, ISSN 1103-4092

43. Plant nutrients, g/pers, yr Ref: Jönsson et al. 2005

44. Anthropogenic nitrogen Pollutant –ca 50 SEK/kg Resource 5-10 SEK/kg

45. Anthropogenic phosphorus Pollutant 100s of SEK/kg Resurce app 15 SEK/kg

46. Waste, manure etc.

47. Nutrients kg/ton wet weight

48. Values SEK/ton N: 8,50 SEK/kg; P: 11 SEK/kg; K: 5 SEK/kg; S: 0 SEK/kg Prices 2005!

49. Sewage sludge disposal Source: Waste and material flows 2004 Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia