CIRCULATION & BLOOD

1. CIRCULATION & BLOOD

2. UNIT J: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (Ch. 13, pp. 226-234 & Ch. 14, pp. 250-251, 254 & Ch. 22, pp. 430-431) J1. Describe and differentiate among the five types of blood vessels. (p. 226-227) J3. Demonstrate safe and correct dissection techniques (Not covered in text) J4. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation. (p. 234-235) J5. Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems. (Ch. 22 p. 430-431)

3. J2. Identify and give functions for each of the following (p. 234- 235): •  Subclavian arteries and veins • Jugular veins • Carotid veins • Mesenteric arteries • Anterior and posterior vena cava • Pulmonary veins and arteries • Hepatic vein • Hepatic portal vein • Renal arteries and veins • Iliac arteries and veins • Coronary arteries and veins • Aorta

4. J6. Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back to the left ventricle. (p. 234-235) J7. List the major components of plasma. (p. 237) J8. Identify and give functions for lymph, capillaries, veins, and nodes. (Ch. 14 p. 250-251) J9. Describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. (p. 237-240) J10. Demonstrate the correct use of the compound microscope. (Not covered in text)

5. J12. Describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange. (p. 241) J11. Explain the roles of antigens and antibodies. (Ch. 14 p. 254) Note: J3 and J10 are not examinable on the Provincial Biology 12 exam.

6. VOCABULARY • Acclimatize • Afferent arteriole • Agglutination • Anaemia • Anterior vena cava • Antibody • Antigen • Aorta • Aortic arch • Arteriole • Artery • Atrioventricular (AV) valve • Blood clot • Blood pressure • Brachial artery • Capillary • Capillary fluid exchange • Carbaminohemoglobin • Carbonic anhydrase • Carotid arteries • Chemoreceptor • Contrict • coronary • Diastole • Dilate • Ductus arteriosus (arterial duct) • Ductus venosus (venous duct) • Edema • Efferent arteriole • Electrocardiogram (EKG) • Erythrocyte • Fetus • Fibrin • Fibrinogen • Foramen ovale • Hemoglobin • Hepatic portal vein • Hepatic vein • Histamine • Hypertonic • Hypotonic • Iliac artery/vein • Jugular vein • Leucocyte • Lymph • Lymph capillary • Lymph duct • Lymph node • Lymphatic duct • Lymphatic system • Mesenteric artery • Oxyhemoglobin • Pacemaker • Phagocytic • Platelet • Posterior vena cava • Pressure receptor • Prothrombin • Pulmonary artery/vein • Pulmonary circulation • Pulse • Red blood cell • Renal artery/vein • Rhesus (Rh) factor • RhoGAM • Precapillary sphincter muscle • Subclavian artery/vein • Systemic circulation • Systole • Thrombin • Thrombocyte • Thromboplastin • Thymus gland • Umbilical cord • Umbilical artery/vein • Valve • Venule • Villi • White blood cell

7. BLOOD

8. What is Blood? • Blood is more than just a red liquid that leaks onto your best white shirt when you cut yourself!

10. How much blood does your heart pump in a day? • How long do red blood cells live? • How long does blood last outside your body? • In a tiny drop of blood, there are 250 million RBC’s, 375,000 WBC’s, & 16 million platelets!!! • Your body has about 5.6 liters of blood, which circulates through the body 3 times every minute. • During an average lifetime, the heart will pump enough blood to fill over 100 full-sized swimming pools. 7,000 litres 4 months 5 days

11. What is blood made up of?

13. Blood is 55% Plasma (Liquid) The plasma portion of blood is: • 91% Water • Maintains blood volume • Transports molecules • 7% Proteins(ie: clotting proteins, albumin, immunoglobulins…) • 2 % Salts, gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, wastes, hormones, vitamins, etc…

14. Blood is 45% Formed Elements (Solids) The solid portion of blood is: Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes/corpuscles White Blood Cells Leukocytes PlateletsThrombocytes

15. HOW ARE RBC’s MADE? • When the liver and kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the body, they release chemicals (REF and GLOBULINS) that stimulate the red bone marrow to increase production of RBC’s. • It takes several weeks to build up the rate of erythrocyte production and this is why it takes a while to become acclimatized when you: • Visit or move to a higher elevation • Hemorrage after an accident • Have sickle cell anaemia

16. Blood doping

17. Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) • No nuclei • Transport CO2 and O2 and H+ (acts like a buffer) • Bioconcave discs: look like donuts without complete holes! • Live for ~ 120 days (4 months) • Dark purple to bright red • Contain hemoglobin molecules, carbonic anhydrase, and antigens • There are ~800 million oxygen molecules in each RBC • Made in the red bone marrow Erythrocytes

18. Transports oxygen as oxyhemoglobin(bright red) Hb + O2 ------------------------------- HbO2 Transports carbon dioxide as carboxyhemoglobin Hb + CO2 ------------------------------- HbCO2 Transports hydrogen ions as reduced hemoglobin(thus acting as a buffer) Hb + H+ ------------------------------- HHb Hb attaches to oxygen when it’s cool, high pH, and low pressure (ie: at the lungs)! Note: fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin!

19. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) • They make histamines, antibodies and hunter killer cells • Fight Infection: the antibodies attach to foreign invaders & the hunter killer cells destroy them. • WBC’s can squeeze out of blood vessels to attack invaders.

21. heart WBC's They have strangely shaped nuclei. They are also made in the red bone marrow

22. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • 150,000-300,000 / mm3 blood • They are just fragments of cells with no nuclei Platelets • We produce ~ 200 billion/day • Made in bone marrow

23. Aid in blood clotting • Recognize micro tears in blood vessels & bind together to form a blood clot

24. Formation of a Blood Clot • Step 1 - A Vessel and Platelets become DAMAGEDsome way. • Step 2 - Platelets release a protein called THROMBOPLASTIN. • Step 3 - Thromboplastin changes PROTHROMBIN (a blood protein produced by the liver) into THROMBIN (requires Calcium) • Step 4 - Thrombin changes FIBRINOGEN (another blood protein produced by the liver) into FIBRIN (insoluble)

27. Antigens/Antibodies & Blood Type Antigens and Antibodies have different but related functions!

28. Antigen: an identification protein on a RBC • It is aglycoproteinon the RBC membrane • There are two kinds of antigenson human RBC's: A and/or B • Therefore, there are 4 possible blood types: Antigen A  Type A blood Antigen B  Type B blood Antigens A & B  Type AB blood No Antigens  Type O blood

29. Antibody: a protein designed to combat any foreign protein • Made by the WBCin the body • Will bind to foreign proteins with foreign antigens • This causes AGGLUTINATION= clumping • WBC’s will then destroy the agglutinated cells  Antigen Antibody (Agglutinization) + (Foreign) (Yours) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y = + Y Y Y Y

32. Our blood has antibodies that are opposite to the antigens we have on our RBC’s. WHY? So we don’t attack our own blood!

33. This is what it ‘looks’ like Type A has B antibodies Type B has A antibodies Type O has A and B antibodies Type AB has No antibodies

34. Therefore blood transfusions are tricky: introducing foreign antigens can lead to… DEATH Note: Antibodies are REMOVED from donated blood – they cannot cause agglutination Blood donor clumps yes yes clumps clumps yes clumps yes yes yes yes yes clumps clumps clumps yes

35. Erythroblastosis

37. The Rh factor is another antigen that may be present on the RBC. The presence of this antigen plays a role in childbirth. • If you are Rh+you have the antigenand don’t have the ‘D’ antibodies. (85% of Caucasians are Rh+) • If you are Rh – you don’t have the antigen. You don’t normally have the ‘D’ antibodies, but can make them if you are exposed to Rh antigens. Rh + NO ANTIBODIES Rh - HAS ANTIBODIES, BUT ONLY WHEN EXPOSED TO Rh+ BLOOD

38. If Rh antigens are mixed with Rh antibodies, agglutination occurs. = +

39. Donor Recipient Anti-Rh Antibodies  in Recipient's Blood Rh +    Rh -    Rh -  Rh + WillProduceanti-Rh Antibodies Will Not Produceanti-Rh Antibodies

40. Rh -    Blood   Rh +    Blood 

41. So Who Is TRULY the UNIVERSAL DONOR? Type O-

42. WHY ELSE IS THIS IMPORTANT? • If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby, complications can occur with a secondpregnancy. • Normally, the mother / fetal blood does not mix or cross the placenta. • However, at birth, there is usually some mixing, and the mother will begin to produce Rh antibodies in response to the Rh antigens on the baby's Rh+ RBC's. • There is no danger for either the mother or the first baby.

43. BUT…If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby, the mother’s antibodies (made during the birth of the 1st child) are small, and can cross the placenta. These antibodies will agglutinate the baby's blood. This will cause the baby to die / be still born (Erythroblastosis).

44. How can this be prevented? When the first Rh+ baby is born, doctors can destroy the Rh+ blood cells in the mother's plasma before the mother has time to make the Rh antibodies. An injection of Rh immune globulin injection(RhoGAM) does this. RhoGAM

45. TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

46. CIRCULATIONBlood and Blood Vessels Blood Vessels – The 5 Main Types 1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgI80Ue-AMo

47. The aorta, the largest artery in the body, is almost the diameter of a garden hose. • The aorta in a blue whale is so big, you could swim down it!!! • Capillaries, on the other hand, are so small that it takes ten of them to equal the thickness of a human hair. • One pound of excess fat adds approximately 200 miles of extra capillaries. This increases BP! • If you stretched your veins out, and hooked them all together, they would go around the world 2 times!!

49. Arteries • Function • Transport blood AWAYfrom the heart • Structure • Thick, elastic walls • Location • Usually deep, along bones • This protects them from injury and temperature loss. • Notes • Walls can expand • Arteries have veryhigh Blood Pressure • Expansion is the “pulse” we feel

50. Arteries of the Human Body