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Religion

Explore major beliefs of Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintoism, Taoism, Confucianism, Judaism, and Christianity, delving into doctrines, practices, and unique features.

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Religion

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  1. Religion • A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities

  2. Secularism • Organized religion that has become less significant in the lives of its followers, but still permeates art, history, customs and beliefs

  3. Monotheistic Religion • Worship of a single deity

  4. Polytheistic Religion • Worship of more than one deity

  5. Animistic Religion • Centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees, possess spirits and therefore should be revered

  6. UniversalizingReligion • Actively seeks converts • EX. Christianity & Islam

  7. Ethnic Religion • People are born into the faith and converts are not actively sought

  8. Hinduism • 3rd largest • The oldest modern religion, dating back over 4000 years ago-mixture of many ancient religions • Hearth- South Asia (Pakistan) but now most commonly found in INDIA • Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic • No central organization • Reincarnation • Caste System

  9. Gods:Hindus believe that there are many gods and goddesses. Each of these gods, however, is a manifestation (form) of one Supreme Being Reincarnation: Hindus believe that at death, a person’s soul is reborn as another living thing. This creates an endless cycle of rebirth of each soul MAJOR BELIEFS OF HINDUISM Karma: Karma refers to a person’s behavior in life, which Hindus believe determines that person’s form in the next life. People who live a good life will be reborn in a higher caste, and those who do not, will be reborn in a lower caste Sacred Objects: Hindus believe the Ganges River is sacred and has the power to wash away sin and evil. The cow is also considered sacred. As a result, religious Hindus do not eat beef.

  10. Buddhism • Split from Hinduism 2500 years ago • Prince Siddhartha- Present day Nepal • Sri Lanka, SE Asia, Nepal, Tibet, Korea • 347 Million • Many splinter religions

  11. Gods and Holy Book: Buddhists do not believe in a single “Supreme Being”. They also do not have a primary holy book. Their basic beliefs are found in books called Sutra Basic Philosophy: Buddhism is based on a philosophy of self-denial and meditation. Buddhists also believe in reincarnation. MAJOR BELIEFS OF BUDDHISM The Eightfold Path: to give up selfish human desires, Buddhists believe one should follow this path: 1) Right view 2) Right intention 3) Right speech 4) Right action 5) Right livelihood 6) Right effort 7) Right mindfulness 8) Right concentration • Four Noble Truths: These truths explain life’s meaning. • Life means suffering. • The origin of suffering is attachment. • The cessation of suffering is attainable. • The path to the cessation of suffering is the Eightfold Path Nirvana: by following the Eightfold Path, an individual can escape the soul’s endless reincarnations and achieve Nirvana-a state of eternal peace and bliss

  12. Shintoism • Former state religion of JAPAN • Mixture of Buddhism & local religions • About 3-4 Million adherents

  13. Taoism • Huang He River Valley in CHINA • Lao-Tsu, a contemporary of Confucius • One-ness of Humanity & Nature • Feng-Shui – the art of organizing living spaces in order to channel life forces that exist in nature • Simplicity, spontaneity, tenderness, and tranquility

  14. Confucianism • CHINA • Confucius, 551-479BCE • Meaning of life lay in the present, not some future abstract existence • Education • Philosophy of life • Guide to Chinese civilization

  15. Judaism • Eastern Mediterranean Hearth – • ethnic religion • 4000 years old • Abraham • Yahweh • First monotheistic religion • Diaspora- scattering of Jews by Roman destruction of Jerusalem • About 15 million • Torah, Old Testament

  16. KEY FEATURES OF JUDAISM Monotheism. Other ancient peoples were animists or polytheists (believing in many gods) • Ten Commandments. The Jewish religion emphasizes the importance of living justly and following God’s commandments. These ten laws are: • No other Gods • No idols • No swearing • Keep Sabbath • Honor parents • Do not kill • Do not commit adultery • Do not steal • Do not lie • Do not covet Old Testament. The history of the ancient Hebrews and their relationship with God is told in the first books of the Bible, known as the Old Testament. Jews refer to the first five books of the Old Testament as the Torah

  17. Christianity • Split from Judaism - universalizing • Jesus of Nazareth (Christ) • God, Holy Trinity • Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodox • Protestant Church – Martin Luther • Largest and most widely dispersed religion • 1.5 billion followers • Bible, Old and New Testament

  18. Major Beliefs of Christianity Role of Jesus. Christians believe Jesus was the son of God, and sacrificed himself to save humankind from punishment for their sins. Christians believe that after his death, Jesus was resurrected and rose to Heaven The Christian Bible. The sacred book of Christianity consists of the Old Testament and the New Testament, which describes the life of Jesus, and the works of the apostles Christian Conduct. Christians believe they will be saved and will go to Heaven after death if they have faith in Christ as their savior and treat others with love and respect. Christians believe in the Golden Rule-”do unto others as you would have them do unto you”

  19. Islam • Muhammad, Mecca 571 CE • (SAUDI ARABIA) • One of the youngest major religions • Muslim • Allah • Qu’ran / Koran • Fastest growing - universalizing • The 5 Pillars of Islam: • Allah is the one true god • Frequent prayer • Ramadan- month of daytime fasting • Almsgiving • At least on pilgrimage to Mecca

  20. The Five Pillars of Faith are the basic religious duties that all followers of Islam must fulfill Confession of Faith. Muslims must affirm: “There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet” Pilgrimage If physically able, a Muslim must make a pilgrimage (religious trip) to Mecca Prayer. Muslims must pray five times a day, while facing east towards the city of Mecca Fasting During the month of Ramadan, Muslims cannot eat or drink during daylight hours Charity Muslims must give money to the poor and pay taxes to the mosque

  21. Sikhism • Guru Nanak, 15th Century • (Punjab region in India) • One of the youngest major religions • Advocates pursuit of salvation through disciplined, personal meditation. • Vāhigurū • Scripture: GurūGranthSāhib • What is forbidden: • Cutting hair • Intoxication • Blind Spirituality • Worthless talk • Priestly Class • Eating meat • Adultery

  22. The Five K’s are articles of faith that a Sikh must wear at all times to demonstrate commitment to the faith Kesh: uncut hair Kangha: a wooden comb Kara: A metal bracelet Kachera: A specific type of cotton undergarments Kirpan: A strapped curved sword Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks

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