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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. HIGH MIDDLE AGES. Royal Power. Kings head of society Limited power – relied on vassals for military power Church & nobles had just as much power Each collected their own taxes Each had own courts Each had own army. Kings centralize power. Royal courts

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 HIGH MIDDLE AGES

  2. Royal Power • Kings head of society • Limited power – relied on vassals for military power • Church & nobles had just as much power • Each collected their own taxes • Each had own courts • Each had own army

  3. Kings centralize power • Royal courts • Government bureaucracy – hired middle-class workers • Taxes – merchants paid for protection • Built armies – used tax money to hire mercenaries • Strengthened ties to middle class • Protected roads • Reduced tolls • Freed them from feudal obligations

  4. Royal power in England • Edward the Confessor– died without an heir • Haroldof Wessex& William, Duke of Normandy claimed the crown

  5. 1066 Battle of HastingsWilliam the Conqueror

  6. William the Conqueror • Grants land to Church & Norman lords • Kept large amount for himself • All vassals had to swear allegiance to William

  7. Domesday Book • A complete census – listed everything of value in England

  8. Other Kings of England • Henry I– created the Royal Exchequer • Replaced nobles with paid officials • Nobles pay taxes with money not military service

  9. Other Kings of England • Henry II- one of England’s great kings • Made royal law the law of the land • Created royal judges – circuit court system • Decisions became English Common Law • The law the same for everyone • Created the grand jury system & trial jury

  10. Thomas Becket • Archbishop of Canterbury • Henry II wanted to try clergy in royal courts • 1170 Becket murdered • Created power struggle between monarchs of England & church

  11. King John • Fourth son of Henry II and Eleanor • Very greedy, cruel, untrustworthy, & incompetent warrior • Loses most of England’s land in France to Philip II • Becomes known as John Softsword • Dispute with Pope Innocent III - John excommunicated • Forced England to become a papal fief – pay annual fee to pope

  12. Magna Carta – Great Charter • 1215 John at Runnymede forced to sign by group of nobles • Limited king’s power • No imprisonment without judge by peers • Right to face accuser • King must obey laws • No taxation without consent • Become the bases for the U.S. Constitution

  13. The Great Council • By 1200s evolves into Parliament • 1295 – Edward Isummons Parliament – wanted money for wars in France • Model Parliament– sets up framework for English legislature • House of Lords • House of Commons • “Power of the Purse” • England now a limited monarchy

  14. France • Early French kings – very little power • 987- Hugh Capet– Count of Paris was elected king– start of absolute monarchy in France • Capetians ruled for next 300 years • Slowly Capet & his heirs increased power • Won support of Church • Played nobles against each other • Built effective bureaucracy • Gained support of middle class

  15. Philip II– Philip Augustus • Paid government workers – all middle class • Created new national taxes • Organized standing army • Used trickery, war & diplomacy to increase lands

  16. Louis IX • Declared a saint by Catholic Church • A model monarch • Noble, Generous, Devoted to justice • Persecuted heretics & Jews • Fought against Muslims • Ended serfdom • Expanded royal courts

  17. Philip IV • Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxing of the clergy in France—Boniface VIII issued UnamSanctum, a papal bull • Sent troops to capture the pope (Anagni) • Pope escaped but was badly beaten & died shortly • Gained support of the people through the Estates General • Persecuted the Order of the Knights Templar – October 13, 1307 – Friday the 13th

  18. Holy Roman Empire • 936 – Otto Itook the title of king of Germany • Close to Church – appointed bishops & abbots to high government jobs • Gained the right of lay investiture • Defeated the Magyar – Battle of Lechfield • Pope crowned him emperor of the Romans

  19. Holy Roman Empire • Holy Roman Emperor could have been strongest monarchy in Europe • Claimed authority over most of central & eastern Europe, parts of Italy & France • Control really in the hands of the kings vassals • Emperor needed to control nobles • Elected position weakened emperor

  20. Holy Roman Empire • Emperors thought they were protectors of Italy & pope • Constantly interfering in Italian affairs • Wanted to control rich cities of northern Italy • Results: conflict between emperors & popes over lay investiture – appointing of church officials by a lay person (someone outside the Church)

  21. Holy Roman Empire • Gregory VII– 1073 – issue erupted • Wanted the Church to be independent of secular rulers • Said only the pope could appoint & install bishops • Holy Roman Emperor Henry IVrefused to agree • 1076 Pope excommunicates Henry IV • Henry IV forced to beg forgiveness

  22. Holy Roman Empire • 1122- issue settled with the Concordat of Worms • Church sole power to elect & invest bishops • Emperor had the right to invest them with their fief

  23. Holy Roman Empire • Frederick I– Frederick Barbarossa (RedBeard) tried & failed to gain control of Italy • Defeated by the Lombard League

  24. Holy Roman Empire • Frederick II– also tried to control Italy • Spent most of his time in Italy • Result: nobles within Holy Roman Empire grew independent & Germany will remain fragmented (united in mid 1800s)

  25. Catholic Church • Pope Innocent III– Pope in 1198 • Claimed supremacy over all rulers • Clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day • With help of Philip II of France launched a crusade against the Albigensians of southern France – tens of thousands killed • After his death the power of the popes starts to decline

  26. The Crusades • Byzantine Emperor – Alexius I asked pope Urban II for help • Seljuk Turks – new converts to Islam • 1095 – Council of Clermont- Called for Christian knight to reclaim Holy Land, lands associated with the life of Jesus

  27. The Crusades • Reason to join Crusades: • Religious zeal • Lure of land & wealth • Adventure/escape from troubles at home • Those who fought & died received salvation • Church protected family & property while away • Debtors had debts forgiven & criminals relieved of punishment

  28. The Crusades • Pope Urban II reasons: • Thought it would increase church power & prestige • Unite the 2 branches of the Christian church • Reduce feudal warfare in Europe • Lands in Middle East provide outlet for Europe’s growing population

  29. The Crusades • 1095- Peasant Crusade– Peter the Hermit • Convinced the poor they were going to heaven • In Asia Minor – massacred by the Turks

  30. The First Crusade

  31. The Crusades • The First Crusade– 1096-1099 – only successful crusade—goalwas to free the Holy Land • Captured Antioch and Jerusalem • Created 4 small Crusader states

  32. The Crusades • The Second Crusade– 1147- started after Muslims recaptured Edessa and were threatening Jerusalem – poor planning & division among the nobles caused it to fail

  33. The Crusades • Third Crusade– 1189-1199 • Saladin, leader of Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem • Known as the Crusade of the Three Kings – Frederick I, Philip II & Richard the Lion Hearted (Richard I) • Frederick I – Barbarossa – drowns on the way • Philip II of France gets mad at Richard the Lion Hearted & goes home

  34. The Crusades • Richard fails to capture Jerusalem but forces a truce which allowed Christians to visit Jerusalem

  35. The Crusades • Fourth Crusade – 1202 – called by Pope Innocent III • Crusaders attack the Christian city of Zara • All excommunicated • 1204 attacked Constantinople (far as Crusade went) • Seriously weakened the Byzantine Empire

  36. The Crusades • 1212- Children’s Crusade– 20,000 kids • All sold into slavery in North Africa

  37. Results & Impact of the Crusades • Crusades were unsuccessful in reclaiming the Holy Land but they had a big impact on Western Europe • Left a bitter legacy & religious hatred • Increased trade and travel between Near East & Europe • Power of Roman Catholic Church decreased • Increased power of the monarchs • New taxes • Death of many feudal lords

  38. Results & Impact of the Crusades • Encouraged the growth of money economy • Europe gained wider view of the world • New weapons & military tactics • Crossbow, catapults, carrier pigeons & possibly the use of gunpowder • Status of women changed – controlled land while husbands were away

  39. Spain • The Muslims had conquered most of Spain in the 700s • Spain became a center of Islamic civilization • Scholars preserved Greek & Roman texts

  40. Spanish Reconquista • 1100s & 1200s Spanish knights launched their own crusade known as the Reconquistaor the Reconquest • By 1250 Muslims held only kingdom of Granada

  41. Spanish Reconquista • Central Spain – Kingdom of Aragon • Northeast Spain – Kingdom of Castile • 1469 – Queen Isabellaof Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon • Unites Spain • They use the common people to get power from nobles • 1492 capture last Muslim city of Granada

  42. Spain • United Spain both politically & religiously • Ended the policy of religious toleration of Muslims & Jews • Caused economic problems • Revived the Inquisition, special Church Court set up to punish heretics

  43. Medieval Education • Universities – many created by the Church • Most students trained for high positions in the Church • Took courses in all areas- Math, Science, Language, etc. • Universities were similar to guilds

  44. Medieval Education • Student life at these universities hard • Long hours sitting on hard benches in unheated rooms • Books scarce & expensive • Student day from 5AM till 5PM • No regular classrooms • Took 3 to 5 years to complete the work

  45. Medieval Medicine • Some had read Hippocrates • Most used folk medicine (herbal remedies) • Believed illness caused by the devil or evil spirits

  46. Conflict in Learning • Debate between faith & reason- Scholasticism – used reason & logic to support Christian beliefs • Thomas Aquinas– Summa Theologica • Man’s ability to reason was a gift from God

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