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Birth and Development

Birth and Development. Gestation : period of time that embryo/foetus spends in the uterus Parturition/birth: process of expelling the foetus from the Uterus Labour: series of events preceding parturition . During final 3 months of gestations uterus undergoes weak irregular contractions.

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Birth and Development

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  1. Birth and Development

  2. Gestation: period of time that embryo/foetus spends in the uterus • Parturition/birth: process of expelling the foetus from the Uterus • Labour: series of events preceding parturition. • During final 3 months of gestations uterus undergoes weak irregular contractions

  3. STAGEs of labour

  4. 1ststage of labour (Dilation of the cervix) • Lasts approx 8-9 hours (approx 4 every subsequent birth) • Begin: Uterine contractions are occurring every 30 minutes. (Labour pains) • Waves of muscle contractions (like peristalsis) from uterus to cervix, cause uterus to slightly shorten and pull back cervix causing it to dilate. • End: Complete dilation (opening) of the cervix (10cm) • Foetus head generally facing mothers left or right pelvic bone. • Forms the birth canal: passage through which foetus will be expelled

  5. 2ndstage of Labour (Stage of expulsion) • Lasts approx 20 mins – 2 hrs. • Often marked by the breaking of the amniotic sac (release of amniotic fluid) • Uterine contractions with voluntary abdominal contractions move foetus along birth canal, turning baby’s head to face mothers back. • Slowly head will emerge and then turn to face sideways again. (allows shoulders to fit through more easily) • Remainder of baby is expelled. (covered with vernix: waxy substance)

  6. 3rdstage of Labour (afterbirth) • After baby is expelled, umbilical cord is clamped and cut. (remains attached to baby will dry up and fall off leaving ‘navel’ or ‘umbilicus) • Approx 5 mins after delivery, placenta, remains of umbilical cord and other membranes are expelled. (afterbirth)

  7. Changes at birth

  8. Baby before birth: • first breath of life due to shock / slap/ clamp umbilical cord (increase in CO2) • Gas / nutrient / waste exchange occurs between placenta and endometrium • Ductusvenosus (liver bypass) • Foramen ovale (hole in septum wall) • Ductusarteriosus (lung bypass) • Umbilical artery • Umbilical vein

  9. Baby after birth: • decrease resistance in lungs: ductusarteriosus redundant (deteriorates) • more flow in left atrium  pressure closes foramen ovale • decreased blood flow through ductusvenosus (deteriorates) • to account for higher muscle activity / temp control / increase in O2 • 45 breaths / min (1st 2 weeks) • 125 – 130 beats / min • increased red blood cell count

  10. Mother after birth: • Puerperium(8weeks – uterus returns to normal size) • due to contractions & gradual shrivelling • Fluid discharge (blood, endometrium) lasts up to 3 – 6 weeks • Mood changes (postnatal depression, 3rd day blues) • Menstruation returns: • Breastfeeding – in approx. 6 months • No breastfeeding– within 10 weeks

  11. Breastfeeding & Milk Production

  12. The Breasts • Until puberty, male / female breasts are very similar • Approx 10-11, female nipples bulge (due to oestrogen / progesterone) • Each breast = 15 – 25 sections (lobes) subdivided into lobules. • Walls of each lobule consist of glandular alveoli (milk secreting region) • All surrounded by fatty connective tissue • Lobules open up into ‘milk space’ for storage (15 – 25) • During the 1st weeks after birth, newborns environment must be kept as close to the Uterus as possible: • Food & water  milk • Warmth & comfort  cuddling arms / small soft bed

  13. Lactation • initiation & maintenance of milk secretion and delivery to infant • Changes during Pregnancy • lobes become larger & more complex • nipple area darkens in colour • oil secreting glands enlarge (prevents drying out of nipple) • growth and development of breast • Changes at Birth • 1st secretion: Colostrum (watery, yellow / white – similar to normal milk but little fat & high levels of antibodies)

  14. Milk Let-Down Reflex • Baby suckles nipple • msg sent to brain via nerves • brain tells pituitary gland to secrete Oxytocin & Prolactin • Oxytocin triggers contraction of muscles around lobules / Prolactin triggers milk production • Milk is ejected into ducts • Up to 1.5 L of milk / day may be produced • Needs VitD, Calcium, phosphate

  15. Development: Infancy to adolescence

  16. Infancy • Physical Development: • In 1st year body length increases by 1/3 and weight triples. (71-74cm, 9kg) • Head/leg ratio changes dramatically with legs growing much faster than the head. • By 15, body proportions are very similar to adulthood. • Social Development: • Socialisation: ability to behave in a manner that is accepted and approved by other people.

  17. Infancy • Motor Development: • The ability to control movement of a particular part of the body

  18. Adolescence • Transition between childhood and adulthood (starts approx 11+) • Puberty: time during which an adolescent develops sexual maturity (ability to reproduce) • Physical Development: • Adolescent growth spurt: rapid increase in height and weight (males: 13-16 , females: 11-14) • Growth in height, weight, heart & lungs etc. • Reproductive development: development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. • Social Development: • Transition to independence

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