AFRICA SOS: COUNTRY BIOGRAPHIES OF Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, S. Sudan South Africa By Lisa D. Walsh DCMS

1. AFRICA SOS: COUNTRY BIOGRAPHIES OF Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, S. Sudan South Africa By Lisa D. Walsh DCMS - 2013

2. Nigeria – West Africa Population: 174.5 million Capital: Abuja – 1.8 million Located inland in neutral area Largest city: Lagos – over 10 million Located on the SW coast

3. “The Two Sides of Nigeria” TimePhotos “……2/3 of 130 million live in poverty” 2010

4. Landscape Mangrove Forest on the coast Rain Forests inland Savannas in central Nigeria Highlands in north both east/west Plateaus north central area Plateau area NE of Abuja Savannas of Nigeria

5. ECONOMY Cash crops (plantation farms): rubber, peanuts, palm oil, cacao (cocoa) a leading producer Subsistence farming Mining: OIL – 90% of national income from oil! Conflict over which group controls it! Corruption in government!

6. EFFECT OF OIL INDUSTRY • Conflict among ethnic groups so mismanagement of this commodity • Shift of population from farming to oil and urban areas – so lack of food • POLLUTION of Niger River and coastal areas • Too much dependence so little economic development in other areas

8. CULTURE AND ETHNIC GROUPS • Major groups: Language: English for • Hausa/Fulani business, government • Yoruba • Ibo • Major religion: • 50% Muslim • 40% Christian • 10% traditional • 60% live in rural villages

9. ETHNIC STRIFE Independence from British in 1960’s Within Nigeria’s borders lived over 250 ethnic groups! Borders were artificial not based on cultural borders but borders that benefitted European interests. Result: Series of civil wars and military coup starvation plus conflict = 2 million deaths Free elections were finally held in 1999 Ethnic and religious conflict still continue

10. “10 killed, four churches burned in Nigeria BokoHaram suspected in rampage in predominantly Christian area” 2013 World Watch Monitor

11. f The Nigerian Islamist group BokoHaram has rejected the idea of an amnesty. Religious conflict! Conflict over OIL And its impact! 08/26/2012 PLATFORM London “Shell and Chevron have funded armed militant groups in the volatile Niger Delta region of Nigeria……both have paid for protection….” Keeps nation unstable, violates human rights!!!

12. What determines if a country is developed or developing? NIGERIA? Per capita income 49,800 $2,700 Literacy Rate 99% 72% males 50% females Life Expectancy 76 48 males 81 55 females Infant Mortality Rate 6 74/1000 live births/year Population Growth Rate .9% 2.5% per year Figures in RED are United States numbers.

13. Kenya – East Africa Population: 31 million Capital: Nairobi – 3 million Nairobi is largest Located south central near Tanzania Mombasa – 707,000 Located on coast in south

14. Landscape Upland plains – grasses – central area Highlands and Great Rift Valley – western area Coastal plains in the east Arid – semi-arid land (ASAL) in the northeast Masai Mara Park Mt. Kenya – left Tsavo Nat’l Park - above

16. ECONOMY Free-market economy Plantation farming: tea, coffee Subsistence farming: along southern coasts Nomadic herding Tourism: Park and Game Reserves – protected areas for game Service Industries Mining and refining of OIL – recently discovered in 2012 An example of modernization and progress: formed economic union with Tanzania – East African Community People below poverty level: 50%

17. CULTURE AND ETHNIC GROUPS • Over 42 ethnic groups Religion: 82% Christian • Major groups: 11% Muslim • Kikuyu ¼ of population • Masai – once nomadic herders • Languages: a form of Swahili and English • Independence in 1963 from Great Britain • First president – Jomo Kenyatta, Kikuyu, arrested in 1952, prison 9 years

18. Fight for Land! White settlers on Kikuyu land since late 19th century Plantation agriculture – tea and coffee Blacks fought with British in WWII, came home, no respect and no opportunities. Goal of Black activists – independence! Mau Mau Rebellion – violence against white farmers and Kikuyu loyal to Brits! 1950-57 13,000 Blacks killed, 80,000 in detention camps 32 British killed Kenyatta accused of leading the Mau Mau – in prison for 9 years

19. Major issue: “UK RAISES RED FLAG OVER POACHING IN KENYA” – April 2013 “The United Kingdom has warned that profits from illegal ivory trade may be used to fund terrorism unless urgent action is taken to stem the vice.” Blood & ivory: Elephant poaching in Kenya A rare photograph of an elephant family visiting the carcass of a recently killed elephant. Some wildlife biologists believe elephants are emotionally close to humans and actually mourn their dead. These elephants have made repeated nightly visits to their recently deceased family member. CBS News

20. KENYA – DEVELOPED OR DEVELOPING? Per Capita income $11,300 $1,800 Literacy Rate 87% 90% males 85%84% females Life Expectancy 50 61 males 48 64 females Infant Mortality Rate 42.6/1000/yr. 44/1000 live births/yr. Population Growth Rate .412% 2.4% % of population URBAN 62% 22% Figures in orange are for Republic of South Africa

21. REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA – Southern Africa Population: 48,601,098 Capital: Pretoria in NE and Cape Town SW coast Government: Black African majority rule since 1994 “

22. S.A. has moved from a history of white rule, violence, and segregation [ Apartheid – legal separation of the colored races from the white race ]to a Black African majority rule society and a more democratic future. ‘ “convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead in unity"; black, yellow, and green are found on the flag of the African National Congress, while red, white, and blue are the colors in the flags of the Netherlands and the UK, whose settlers ruled South Africa during the colonial era” ‘

23. “ BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL”

24. Stephen Biko: anti-apartheid activist, assassinated 1977 founded Black Consciousness Movement Message: rely on yourself, you are human, you are beautiful, be empowered He earned status of “banned”: No public speaking or writing, exiled to homeland. Arrested after Soweto Uprising June 16, 1976: Soweto high school students protested use of Afrikaans (Dutch) in class! Police killed around 700. Official number 176. Biko was brutally beaten during interrogation in Sept. ’77. His white friend, Donald Woods, told the world his story.

25. NELSON MANDELA Black African, anti-apartheid activist and lawyer b. 1918 still alive at 94 Won Nobel Peace prize with F.W. de Klerk (white president) in 1990 Known for his 40 plus year struggle against APARTHEID In prison from 1963 - 1990 Method of protest: civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts; Fight for worker’s rights and civil rights! 1st Black president of South Africa Photo upon release in 1990 Photo just before prison

26. Strengths: Most developed in Africa Good infrastructure University of Cape Town – ranks 286 globally Largest producer of GOLD, PLATINUM Many billionaires Weaknesses: CRIME!!!! Droughts Only 12% arable land Unemployment 25% Below poverty 31% - huge gap between rich and poor

27. CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA at the foot of Table Mt. JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA 1st place where gold was discovered

28. Another treasure – Diamonds!!! Above: Result of hand-dug diamond mining, Kimberly, Northern Cape

29. TERMS poaching illegal killing of animals, fish Kenya few economic opportunities force some to poach. Kenya has many animal reserves literacy rate percent of population that can read at a functional level Kenya's raised from 32% - 85% in 2003 Kenya is one of the few African countries that is modernizing coup illegal takeover of a legitimate government by military force Nigeria Because of end of colonialism ethnic conflict was constant . Civil wars and armed overthrow of governments

30. TERMS Enclave: a country within a country Lesotho In the Republic of South Africa once under the protection of the British govt. in Cape Town, now a sovereign kingdom. Exclave: a part of a country separated from the mother country Cabinda [belongs to Angola] Cabinda and Angola were colonies of Portugal until 1970’s. Today civil unrest active in Cabinda protesting connection to Angola.

31. TERMS – Rwanda and Sudan Genocide mass murder of an ethnic or religious group Rwanda and Sudan (Darfur) After Europeans left ethnic conflict ignited REFUGEE a person forced to leave their home out of fear or desperation. Sudan, Rwanda In Africa SOS people flee war, famine, violation of human rights

32. TERMS Apartheid official segregation (separation) of people of color; “apartness” South Africa Specific to South Africa – White Supremacy keep the “colored” races separate in order to dominate the economy