RUINS IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.

1. RECONSTRUCTION AND ITS EFFECTS IDENTIFY LEGAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF RECONSTRUCTION. WHAT WERE THE LEGAL, POLITICAL, AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF RECONSTRUCTION? RUINS IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.

2. RECONSTRUCTION • AFTER THE WAR WAS OVER THE NATION NEEDED TO REBUILD. • THIS PERIOD WAS KNOWN AS RECONSTRUCTION. • IT BEGAN DURING THE CIVIL WAR AND ENDED IN 1877. THE MAJOR ISSUES THAT FACED THE U.S. AT THE END OF THE WAR WERE: • HOW SHOULD THE NATION BE REUNITED? • WHAT SYSTEM OF LABOR SHOULD REPLACE SLAVERY? • WHAT WOULD BE THE STATUS OF THE FORMER SLAVES?

3. THREE PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION • LINCOLN’s 1863 PLAN • OFFERED A PARDON TO ALL SUPPORTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY IF THEY SWORE ALLEGIANCE TO THE UNION AND PLEDGED TO ACCEPT THE END OF SLAVERY • WHEN 10% OF THE MEN ELIGIBLE TO VOTE IN 1860 DID THE ABOVE THE STATE QUALIFIED FOR REENTRY INTO THE UNION • NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS HAD TO OUTLAW SLAVERY • NO PROTECTION FOR FREED AFRICAN-AMERICANS • RADICAL REPUBLICANS’ PLAN • PROMOTED EQUAL RIGHTS FOR FREED BLACKS • MILITARY OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTH TO OVERSEE CHANGES • VOTING RIGHTS FOR BLACK MALES • 13TH, 14TH, 15TH AMENDMENTS • JOHNSON’s PLAN • AMNESTY TO WHITES WHO SIGNED LOYALTY OATHS • STATES MUST ABOLISH SLAVERY • STATES MUST PAY WAR DEBTS • NO ROLE FOR FREED BLACKS • NO VOTE FOR BLACKS

4. PRESIDENT LINCOLN’S PLAN FOR RECONSTRUCTION • PRESIDENT LINCOLN’S TEN-PERCENT PLAN • RECONSTRUCTION—PERIOD OF REBUILDING AFTER CIVIL • WAR 1865–1877 • PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY AND RECONSTRUCTION • CALLS FOR 10% ALLEGIANCE • RADICAL REPUBLICANS LED BY CHARLES SUMNER AND • THADDEUS STEVENS • - WANT TO DESTROY POWER OF FORMER • SLAVEHOLDERS • - GIVE FULL CITIZENSHIP AND SUFFRAGE TO • BLACKS • RADICAL REACTION • 1864 WADE-DAVIS BILL MAKES CONGRESS • RESPONSIBLE FOR RECONSTRUCTION • PRESIDENT LINCOLN USES POCKET VETO TO KILL • WADE-DAVIS AND RADICALS OUTRAGED

5. RADICAL REPUBLICANS • THIS TERM DESCRIBED THE GROUP IN CONGRESS WHO WANTED RECONSTRUCTION TO BE BASED ON EQUAL RIGHTS FOR BLACKS. ALTHOUGH THEY DISAGREED ABOUT THE EXTENT THAT FREED BLACKS SHOULD RECEIVE RETRIBUTION FOR YEARS OF FORCED LABOR, THEY ALMOST ALL AGREED THAT SUFFRAGE SHOULD BE EXTENDED TO THEM. IN PART THIS WAS BECAUSE IT WAS THE ONLY WAY THEY COULD GET REPUBLICANS ELECTED IN THE SOUTH SINCE SOUTHERN WHITE DEMOCRATS WOULD VOTE TO GIVE DEMOCRATS THE MAJORITY IN CONGRESS. • THEY FELT LINCOLN’S PLAN WAS TOO LENIENT AND PASSED THE WADE-DAVIS BILL, WHICH WOULD HAVE REQUIRED A MAJORITY OF WHITES TO TAKE THE LOYALTY OATH BEFORE REENTRY INTO THE UNION, DENIED THE VOTE TO PEOPLE WHO HAD AIDED THE CONFEDERACY, AND REQUIRED NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS TO GUARANTEE EQUAL RIGHTS UNDER THE LAW FOR BLACKS. LINCOLN POCKET VETOED THE BILL WHICH KILLED IT.

6. RADICAL REPUBLICANS PASSED LEGISLATION WITH LINCOLN’S APPROVAL THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, 1865: ABOLISH SLAVERY SECTION 1. NEITHER SLAVERY NOR INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE, EXCEPT AS A PUNISHMENT FOR CRIME WHEREOF THE PARTY SHALL HAVE BEEN DULY CONVICTED, SHALL EXIST WITHIN THE UNITED STATES, OR ANY PLACE SUBJECT TO THEIR JURISDICTION. SECTION 2. CONGRESS SHALL HAVE POWER TO ENFORCE THIS ARTICLE BY APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION. FREEDMEN’S BUREAU ACT, 1865 DESIGNED BY THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS AND SIGNED INTO LAW BY LINCOLN, IT WAS AN AGENCY CREATED THAT PROTECTED LEGAL RIGHTS OF FREED BLACKS, PROVIDED EDUCATION, MEDICAL CARE, AND LEASED LAND TO FAMILIES.

7. PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S PLAN • PRESIDENT JOHNSON CONTINUES PRESIDENT • LINCOLN’S POLICIES • PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON PROPOSES OWN • PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION: • - STATES MUST SWEAR ALLEGIANCE PAY ANNUL WAR • DEBTS AND RATIFY 13TH AMENDMENT • - DOES NOT ADDRESS VOTING RIGHTS, LAND, AND LAWS • FOR FORMER SLAVES • STATES THAT HAD NOT APPLIED UNDER PRESIDENT • LINCOLN AGREE TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S TERMS • - SOME STATES DO NOT FULLY COMPLY • PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION COMES TO A STANDSTILL • RADICAL REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS REFUSE NEW • SOUTHERN LEGISLATORS • CONGRESS ENLARGES FREEDMEN’S BUREAU—HELPS • FORMER SLAVES AND POOR WHITES • - GIVES SOCIAL SERVICES, MEDICAL CARE, AND • EDUCATION

8. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866 • CONGRESS PASSES CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF • 1866: • - GRANTS CITIZENSHIP TO BLACKS • - FORBIDS BLACK CODES OR • DISCRIMINATORY LAWS • BLACK CODES RESTORE MANY RESTRICTIONS • OF SLAVERY • WHITES USE VIOLENCE TO PREVENT BLACKS • FROM IMPROVING THEIR LIVES • PRESIDENT JOHNSON VETOES FREEDMEN’S • BUREAU AND CIVIL RIGHTS ACT • ALIENATES MODERATE REPUBLICANS AND • ANGERS RADICALS

9. BLACK CODES • BECAUSE OF JOHNSON’S SOFT APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION, SOUTHERN STATES PASSED RACIST LAWS DESIGNED TO UNDERMINE THE RIGHTS OF BLACKS. • MANY FORMER CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS WERE ELECTED TO STATE GOVERNMENT POSITIONS AND PASSED A SERIES OF LAWS KNOWN AS THE BLACK CODES. • THESE LAWS CREATED THE FOUNDATION FOR THE LEGAL SEGREGATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES AND THE TREATMENT OF BLACKS AS SECOND CLASS CITIZENS THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH.

10. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION • MODERATES AND RADICALS JOIN FORCES • IN MID-1866 MODERATE REPUBLICANS JOIN • RADICALS TO OVERRIDE VETO • DRAFT FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT—MAKES • BLACKS FULL CITIZENS • MOST SOUTHERN STATES REJECT AMENDMENT • AND NOT RATIFIED UNTIL 1868 • 1866 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS • PRESIDENT JOHNSON JEERED ON TOUR • URGING ELECTION OF SUPPORTERS OF • HIS PLAN • MODERATES AND RADICALS WIN 2/3 • MAJORITY IN CONGRESS AND CAN • OVERRIDE VETO

11. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF 1866 • VERY IMPORTANT ELECTIONS AS CONGRESS HAD OVERRIDDEN THE PRESIDENT’S VETO AND IF THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS RETAINED THE MAJORITY THEY HAD PLANS FOR MORE SWEEPING CHANGES FOR THE SOUTH. • JOHNSON TRAVELED TO CHICAGO TO DEDICATE A MEMORIAL AND MADE MANY POLITICAL SPEECHES THROUGHOUT THE REGION. HIS APPEARANCES WERE MET WITH HOSTILITY AND ONLY SERVED TO STRENGTHEN THE OPPOSITION. • A MAJORITY OF RADICAL REPUBLICANS WERE ELECTED WHO THEN PROCEEDED TO PASS THE RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867. THEY DIVIDED THE SOUTH INTO 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS WITH A UNION ARMY OF OCCUPATION, REQUIRED EACH STATE TO HOLD CONVENTIONS WITH BOTH BLACK AND WHITE MEMBERS TO CREATE NEW CONSTITUTIONS, DISFRANCHISED CONFEDERATE LEADERS, AND REQUIRED STATES TO RATIFY THE 14TH AMENDMENT.

12. RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 • 1867 RECONSTRUCTION ACT DOESN’T • RECOGNIZE MOST NEW STATE GOVERNMENTS • - DIVIDES SOUTH INTO MILITARY DISTRICTS • - SETS NEW CONDITIONS FOR REENTRY INTO • UNION • PRESIDENT JOHNSON BELIEVES ACT • UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND VETOES BUT • CONGRESS OVERRIDES • JOHNSON IMPEACHED • RADICALS SEEK TO IMPEACH— • FORMALLY CHARGE WITH MISCONDUCT • IN OFFICE • JOHNSON FIRES SECRETARY OF WAR • STANTON—TEST CONSTITUTIONALITY OF • TENURE OF OFFICE ACT • HOUSE RADICALS IMPEACH JOHNSON BUT • SENATE DOES NOT CONVICT

13. PRESIDENT JOHNSON’S IMPEACHMENT TRIAL • THE TENURE OF OFFICE ACT OF 1867 WAS PASSED OVER JOHNSON’S VETO AND STATED THAT THE PRESIDENT COULD NOT FIRE CABINET MEMBERS WITHOUT SENATE APPROVAL. • JOHNSON BELIEVED THE LAW TO BE UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND AS A TEST CASE FIRED SECRETARY OF WAR EDWIN STANTON IN 1868 WITHOUT THE NECESSARY APPROVAL. • THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS QUICKLY CHARGED THE PRESIDENT WITH “HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS” AND VOTED 126-47 TO IMPEACH JOHNSON. • THE TRIAL LASTED FOR 8 WEEKS AND FAILED TO GAIN THE TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY IN THE SENATE NEEDED TO REMOVE THE PRESIDENT FROM OFFICE. THE FINAL VOTE WAS ONE VOTE SHY OF THE TWO-THIRDS MAJORITY. OFFICIAL TALLY SHEET OF VOTES

14. ULYSSES S. GRANT ELECTED PRESIDENT • 1868 GENERAL GRANT WINS PRESIDENCY • WITH HELP OF BLACK VOTE • FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT— GIVES VOTING • RIGHTS TO ALL REGARDLESS OF COLOR • SOUTH DOES NOT ENFORCE 14TH OR 15TH • AMENDMENTS • WHITE SOUTHERNERS USE VIOLENCE TO • PREVENT BLACKS FROM VOTING • ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1870—FEDERAL • GOVERNMENT CAN PUNISH VIOLATORS

15. WORRIED THAT SOUTHERNERS MIGHT GAIN CONTROL OF CONGRESS IN THE FUTURE RADICAL REPUBLICANS WORKED TO MAKE EQUAL RIGHTS FOR BLACKS PERMANENT FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT, 1868: CITIZENSHIP, DUE PROCESS, AND EQUAL PROTECTION Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT, 1870: COLOR-BLIND SUFFRAGE Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

16. CONDITIONS IN THE POSTWAR SOUTH • PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS • BY 1870 ALL FORMER CONFEDERATE STATES IN • THE UNION WITH REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS • BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND FARMS • DESTROYED THROUGHOUT SOUTH • PEOPLE ARE POOR, PROPERTY VALUES PLUMMET, • AND CONFEDERATE BONDS ARE WORTHLESS • TWENTY PERCENT OF WHITE MALES ARE DEAD • WITH MANY MORE MAIMED • TENS OF THOUSANDS OF BLACK MALES DEAD • PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS • TRANSPORTATION, HOMES FOR ORPHANS • AND DISABLED, AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS BUILT • NORTHERN CAPITALISTS DO NOT INVEST IN • SOUTH AND STATES MUST RAISE TAXES

17. POLITICS IN THE POSTWAR SOUTH • SCALAWAGS AND CARPETBAGGERS • DEMOCRATS CALL SOUTHERN WHITE • REPUBLICANS SCALAWAGS • - MOST ARE SMALL FARMERS • - WANT BETTER ECONOMIC POSITION • CARPETBAGGERS—NORTHERNERS WHO • MOVED TO SOUTH AFTER WAR • BLACKS AS VOTERS • BLACKS ARE LARGEST GROUP OF • SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS • IN MANY AREAS 90% OF BLACK VOTERS • VOTE

18. CARPETBAGGERS AND SCALAWAGS • THE NEW STATE GOVERNMENTS THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH WERE DOMINATED BY BLACKS AND WHITES FROM BOTH THE NORTH AND SOUTH WHO WANTED TO FIX THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC TROUBLES EXPERIENCED BY POOR WHITES AND BLACKS. • CARPETBAGGERS WERE NORTHERNERS WHO CAME SOUTH, WHILE SCALAWAGS WERE WHITE SOUTHERNERS WHO “DISGRACED” THE SOUTH BY JOINING WITH THE REPUBLICAN PARTY TO ENACT REFORMS. • SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE MADE SUCH AS FREE PUBLIC SCHOOL EDUCATION AND BLACK ENFRANCHISEMENT, HOWEVER DEMOCRATS WORKED HARD TO UNDERMINE THESE SUCCESSES BY INSTITUTING A POLL TAX AND GERRYMANDERING. BOTH TACTICS LED TO A DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY IN THE SOUTH FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR.

19. POLITICAL DIFFERENCES • FEW SCALAWAGS SUPPORT CIVIL RIGHTS • FOR BLACKS AND MANY REJOIN DEMOCRATS • REPUBLICAN GOVERNORS APPOINT • DEMOCRATS AND DO NOT WIN WHITE SUPPORT • SOME WHITES SUPPORT REPUBLICANS AND • THINK END OF SLAVERY GOOD FOR SOUTH • MANY WHITES REFUSE TO ACCEPT NEW • OR EQUAL RIGHTS FOR BLACKS • SEVERAL THOUSAND SOUTHERNERS EMIGRATE • TO EUROPE, MEXICO, AND BRAZIL

20. FORMER SLAVES FACE MANY CHALLENGES • NEW-WON FREEDOMS • AT FIRST FORMER SLAVES CAUTIOUS ABOUT • TESTING LIMITS OF FREEDOM • SOME TRAVEL TO NEW PLACES • MANY LEAVE PLANTATIONS TO FIND WORK • IN SOUTHERN TOWNS • REUNIFICATION OF FAMILIES • MANY SEARCH FOR LOVED ONES ON • DIFFERENT PLANTATIONS • COUPLES CAN MARRY LEGALLY AND BE SURE • OF KEEPING THEIR CHILDREN

21. EDUCATION • FREED PEOPLE OF ALL AGES SEEK • EDUCATION • BLACKS ESTABLISH SCHOOLS AND • UNIVERSITIES • INITIALLY MOST TEACHERS ARE NORTHERN • WHITES BY 1869 MOST ARE BLACK • CHURCHES AND VOLUNTEER GROUPS • MANY BLACKS FOUND CHURCHES MOSTLY • BAPTIST AND METHODIST • BLACK MINISTERS BECOME INFLUENTIAL • COMMUNITY LEADERS • BLACKS FORM THOUSANDS OF VOLUNTEER • ORGANIZATIONS: • - FOSTER INDEPENDENCE • - GIVE FINANCIAL AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT • - OFFER LEADERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES

22. POLITICS AND BLACKS • 1865–1877 BLACKS HOLD LOCAL, STATE, AND • FEDERAL OFFICE • AT FIRST MOST OFFICEHOLDERS FREEBORN BUT • BY 1867 SOME FORMER SLAVES • ALMOST AS MANY BLACK AS WHITE CITIZENS • BUT BLACK OFFICEHOLDERS MINORITY • - ONLY 16 BLACKS IN CONGRESS • - HIRAM REVELS IS FIRST BLACK SENATOR • LAWS AGAINST SEGREGATION • BY 1866 REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS • REPEAL MOST BLACK CODES • ANTI-SEGREGATION LAWS CREATED BUT • MANY NOT ENFORCED • BLACKS FOCUS ON BUILDING UP THEIR • COMMUNITY AND NOT TOTAL INTEGRATION

23. CHANGES IN THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY • 40 ACRES AND A MULE • GENERAL SHERMAN: SLAVES WHO FOLLOW HIM • CAN HAVE 40 ACRES AND USE OF ARMY MULES • - FREED SLAVES SETTLE ON ABANDONED LAND • - PRESIDENT JOHNSON ORDERS THEM EVICTED • MANY REPUBLICANS REJECT SEIZING PROPERTY • AND PASS WEAK LAND-REFORM LAWS • RESTORATION OF PLANTATIONS • BLACKS AND POOR WHITES WANT SMALL FARMS • PLANTERS, NORTHERN MERCHANTS, AND MILL • OWNERS WANT COTTON PLANTATIONS • PLANTERS FEAR WILL BE UNABLE TO MAKE • PROFIT IF MUST PAY WAGES • FREEDMEN WORK IN MILLS, RAILROAD, AND • FARMING • - PLANTERS PREVENT THEM GETTING LAND

24. SHARECROPPING AND TENANT FARMING • LANDLESS BLACKS SIGN LABOR CONTRACTS • WITH PLANTERS • - NEITHER FREEDMEN NOR PLANTERS • HAPPY WITH SYSTEM • SHARECROPPING—OWNER GIVES LAND, • SEED, AND TOOLS FOR PART OF CROPS • TENANT FARMING—RENT LAND FROM • OWNER AND BUY OWN TOOLS • COTTON NO LONGER KING • OTHER COUNTRIES INCREASE COTTON • PRODUCTION AND SOUTH CREATES OVERSUPPLY • TRY TO DIVERSIFY—TEXTILES AND TOBACCO • PRODUCTS WITH WAGES LOWER THAN NORTH • BANKS HOLD CONFEDERATE DEBT AND • MOUNTING PLANTERS’ DEBT • MANY BANKS FAIL

25. OPPOSITION TO RECONSTRUCTION • KU KLUX KLAN • KU KLUX KLAN (KKK)—CONFEDERATE • VETERANS GROUP THAT TURNS TERRORISTIC • GROWS RAPIDLY AND AIMS TO RESTORE • WHITE SUPREMACY • ANTI-BLACK VIOLENCE • 1868–1871 KLAN AND OTHERS KILL • THOUSANDS, BURN SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, • AND HOMES • KLAN WORKS TO FORCE REPUBLICAN STATE • GOVERNMENTS OUT OF POWER • SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS USE VIOLENCE TO • INTIMIDATE BLACK VOTERS • WHITE DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATES WIN STATE • ELECTIONS IN 1875 AND 1876

26. ECONOMIC PRESSURE • BLACK LANDOWNERS AND NON-FARMERS • ATTACKED AND HAVE PROPERTY DESTROYED • NEED FORCES FREEDMEN INTO WAGE LABOR • AND SHARECROPPING FOR WHITES • LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE • 1870 AND 1871 ENFORCEMENT ACTS • PASSED TO CURTAIL KLAN AND DEMOCRATS • - SUPREME COURT RULES 1871 ACT • UNCONSTITUTIONAL • KLAN VIOLENCE DECREASES BECAUSE • WHITE SUPREMACY IS RESTORED IN SOUTH • SHIFTS IN POLITICAL POWER • 1872 AMNESTY ACT RETURNS VOTING • RIGHTS TO MANY FORMER CONFEDERATES • CONGRESS ALLOWS FREEDMEN’S BUREAU TO • EXPIRE

27. SCANDALS AND MONEY CRISES HURT REPUBLICANS • FRAUD AND BRIBERY • GRANT CONSIDERED HONEST BUT APPOINTS • FRIENDS TO POLITICAL OFFICE • BEGINNING IN 1872 SERIES OF GRANT • ADMINISTRATION SCANDALS EXPOSED • REPUBLICAN UNITY SHATTERED • 1872 LIBERAL REPUBLICAN PARTY FORMS AND • NOMINATES HORACE GREELEY • GRANT WINS BY WIDE MARGIN • LIBERAL REPUBLICANS WEAKEN RADICALS AND MAKE • RECONSTRUCTION DIFFICULT • CONTINUED SCANDAL • CORRUPTION CONTINUES AND • GRANT DOES NOT SEEK REELECTION

28. ECONOMIC TURMOIL • THE PANIC OF 1873 • BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN SOUTH LEAD • INVESTORS TO EXCESSIVE DEBT • LARGEST GOVERNMENT SECURITIES DEALER • BANKRUPTS AND STARTS PANIC OF 1873 • - BANKS AND BUSINESSES CLOSE AND STOCK • MARKET COLLAPSES • PANIC TRIGGERS 5-YEAR ECONOMIC • DEPRESSION • CURRENCY DISPUTE • PANIC OF 1873 FUELS DISPUTE OVER • CURRENCY • - FINANCIAL EXPERTS WANT RETURN TO • GOLD STANDARD • - SOUTH AND WEST WANT MORE • GREENBACKS TO PAY DEBTS • 1875 SPECIE RESUMPTION ACT PUTS • COUNTRY BACK ON GOLD STANDARD

29. JUDICIAL AND POPULAR SUPPORT FADES • SUPREME COURT DECISIONS • 1870s SUPREME COURT DECISIONS UNDERMINE 14TH • AND 15TH AMENDMENTS • FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LOSES POWER TO PROTECT • BLACK RIGHTS • NORTHERN SUPPORT FADES • NORTHERNERS GROW INDIFFERENT TO EVENTS IN • SOUTH: • - SHIFT ATTENTION TO NATIONAL PROBLEMS • - WANT RECONCILIATION BETWEEN REGIONS • - BEGIN TO DISLIKE RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES • REPUBLICANS GIVE UP FROM LACK OF JUDICIAL, PUBLIC • SUPPORT, AND LEADERS • REPUBLICANS CONCLUDE GOVERNMENT CANNOT • IMPOSE MORAL AND SOCIAL CHANGES

30. DEMOCRATS “REDEEM” THE SOUTH • DEMOCRATS RECAPTURE THE SOUTH • REDEMPTION—RETURN OF DEMOCRATS TO POWER IN THE SOUTH 1869–1875 • ELECTION OF 1876 • REPUBLICANS NOMINATE GOVERNOR RUTHERFORD B. • HAYES NOT GRANT • DEMOCRATS CHOOSE GOVERNOR SAMUEL J. TILDEN • TILDEN WINS POPULAR VOTE BUT 1 SHY OF • ELECTORAL MAJORITY WITH 20 ELECTORAL VOTES • DISPUTED • COMPROMISE OF 1877—HAYES GETS PRESIDENCY AND • DEMOCRATS GET: • - FEDERAL TROOPS LEAVE LOUISIANA AND SOUTH • CAROLINA • - FUNDING FOR SOUTHERN RAILROAD AND • WATERWAYS • - CONSERVATIVE SOUTHERNER IN CABINET • COMPROMISE MEANS END OF RECONSTRUCTION

31. HOME RULE IN THE SOUTH • AFTER HAYES REMOVES FEDERAL TROOPS • DEMOCRATS TAKE OVER STATES • HOME RULE—RUNNING STATE GOVERNMENT • WITHOUT FEDERAL INTERVENTION • LEGACY OF RECONSTRUCTION • REPUBLICANS FAIL TO PROTECT RIGHTS THEY • GAVE TO FORMER SLAVES • UNWILLINGNESS TO DISTRIBUTE LAND • BLOCKS ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE • AMENDMENTS ABOLISH SLAVERY AND GIVE • BASIS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION • BLACK SCHOOLS AND CIVIC GROUPS • INCREASE LITERACY AND OPPORTUNITY