International Cooperation in High Energy Physics

1. International Cooperation in High Energy Physics Barry Barish Caltech 30-Oct-06

2. International Collaborationa brief history • The Beginning of Modern Particle Physics • The Discovery of the p Meson (1947) by Cecil Powell of the University of Bristol, using photographic emulsions at sites located at high altitude mountains (first at Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the Pyrenees and later at Chacaltaya in the Andes • This led to an international collaboration searching for cosmic ray interactions using an American balloon and British emulsions. Hawaii DPF

3. International Collaborationa brief history • Then Began the Era of Large Particle Accelerators • Required significant resources • I.I. Rabi in recognized and stated, “the urgency of creating regional centres and laboratories in order to increase and make fruitful the international collaboration of scientists in fields where the effort of any one country is insufficient for the task.” • This soon led to accelerator projects at BNL (1947) and the setting up of CERN in Geneva in 1952 CERN Synchro- Cyclotron 600 MeV 1957 Hawaii DPF

4. International Collaborationa brief history • Big Bubble Chambers (1960s) • Large (often international) teams formed to analyze millions of pictures Hawaii DPF

5. International Collaborationa brief history • Big Bubble Chambers (1960s) • Large (often international) teams formed to analyze millions of pictures • This led to the discovery of the large number of “so-called” elementary particles • SU(3) and the Quark Model made sense of this jungle of particles Discovery of Omego-minus Hawaii DPF

6. International Collaborationa brief history • Scintillators, Spark Chambers and Triggered Experiments (the alternate approach) • Discoveries - antiprotons; CP violation; two neutrinos; etc Hawaii DPF

7. International Collaborationa brief history • Then the November Revolution (1974) • The unexpected discovery of the J/Y Proton Collisions Big Electronic Detector Electron Positron Big Collider Detector Hawaii DPF

8. International Collaborationa brief history • The Beginning of the Era of the Collider • Large Magnetic Detectors and Large International Collaborations • The Standard Model confirmed in detail at LEP • ALEPH - 400 physicists from 32 institutes in 10 countries. Hawaii DPF

9. International Collaborationa brief history SNO Detector • Large non-Accelerator Detectors • Neutrino Oscillations SuperKamiokande KamLAND Hawaii DPF

10. International Collaborationa brief history • B factories • Belle and BaBar • CP Violation in B Physics Hawaii DPF

11. International Collaborationa brief history • Emergence of Particle Astrophysics • Highest Energy Cosmic Rays • The Interface of Particle Physics and High Energy Cosmic Ray Physics Hawaii DPF

12. International Collaborationa brief history • Emergence of Particle Astrophysics • TeV Gamma Ray Astronomy • The Interface of Particle Physics and Astrophysics Hawaii DPF

13. Pacific Region Hawaii DPF

14. Pacific Regionhuman resources Hawaii DPF

15. Pacific Regiongrowing economic power Hawaii DPF

16. Pacific Regiongrowing economic power Hawaii DPF

17. U.S. West CoastThe Role of the Pacific Region • The B-factories • SLAC • LBNL and the West Coast Universities – Univ of California; Caltech; Stanford; Oregon etc. Hawaii DPF

18. U.S. – Univ of HawaiiThe Role of the Pacific Region Belle SuperK Hawaii BES Anita Hawaii DPF

19. U.S. – Univ of HawaiiThe Role of the Pacific Region • KamLAND … reaches the earth’s center Hawaii DPF

20. JAPANThe Role of the Pacific Region • Superkamiokande • KamLAND • KEK • Belle (CP; B Physics) Hawaii DPF

21. Emerging AsiaThe Role of the Pacific Region • China • India Hawaii DPF

22. Emerging AsiaThe Role of the Pacific Region • Korea • Long Baseline Neutrinos Hawaii DPF

23. International Collaborationhow did we get here? • Theorists have collaborated worldwide scientist to scientist with few barriers • Experimentalists also developed scientist to scientist collaboration internationally, but involves resources. • International Union for Physics and Applied Physics (IUPAP) created the International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) in 1976 • ICFA sponsored a resolution which was supported by all the existing laboratories (and by implication, the sponsoring agencies) to the effect that criteria for acceptance of proposals on high energy accelerator facilities should be based only on scientific merit and ability of the proposers to carry out the research. Hawaii DPF

24. International Collaborationnow and in the future • Experiments in all areas are performed by large international collaborations • Facilities – Accelerators; Underground Facilities; Space are generally supported nationally or regionally • The next step is internationalizing the facilties for the next generation of science • Large Hadron Collider – Regional with International Participants • International Linear Collider – International from Concept to Proposal to Governance to the Science Hawaii DPF

25. International Collaborationwhat’s the future? • ICFA has continued for 50 years to lead in the development of the field and the use of facilities • Accelerator R&D • Computer networking • Large Collaborations • Recent statements and actions toward the International Linear Collider have been crucial • CERN is our closest approximation of an international laboratory -- LHC is the next big facility in the field, involving CERN member states and many others. Hawaii DPF

26. Accelerators and the Energy Frontier Large Hadron Collider CERN – Geneva Switzerland Hawaii DPF

27. Electron Positron CollidersThe Energy Frontier Hawaii DPF

28. Why e+e- Collisions ? • elementary particles • well-defined • energy, • angular momentum • uses full COM energy • produces particles democratically • can mostly fully reconstruct events Hawaii DPF

29. Electroweak Precision Measurements What causes mass?? The mechanism – Higgs or alternative appears around the corner Hawaii DPF

30. How do you know you have discovered the Higgs ? Measure the quantum numbers. The Higgs must have spin zero ! The linear collider will measure the spin of any Higgs it can produce by measuring the energy dependence from threshold Hawaii DPF

31. International Technology Review Panel Hawaii DPF

32. The ITRP Recommendation • We recommend that the linear collider be based on superconducting rf technology • This recommendation is made with the understanding that we are recommending a technology, not a design. We expect the final design to be developed by a team drawn from the combined warm and cold linear collider communities, taking full advantage of the experience and expertise of both(from the Executive Summary). Hawaii DPF

33. SCRF Technology Recommendation • The recommendation of ITRP was presented to ILCSC & ICFA on August 19, 2004 in a joint meeting in Beijing. • ICFA unanimously endorsed the ITRP’s recommendation on August 20, 2004 Hawaii DPF

34. Global Effort on Design / R&D for ILC EU US Asia 2003年 7月 Joint Design, Implementation, Operations, Management Host Country Provides Conventional Facilities Hawaii DPF

35. Designing a Linear Collider Superconducting RF Main Linac Hawaii DPF

36. International Collaborationconclusions • International Collaboration in High Energy Physics is more important than ever. • The Pacific Region is capable of playing a major and increasing role as we enter the coming era. • The Mission of Particle Physics is expanding, to embrace much of the forward looking science spearheaded in the Pacific Region over the past decade • Asia will be full partners and perhaps hosts of the next great particle accelerator – the ILC Hawaii DPF