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Introduction

Introduction. An Introduction to Hardware, Software, and the Internet. Welcome. House Keep Work Text Book Supplement Materials Lab Assignment Class schedule. Introduce Yourself. My name, grade, from which school My Goal (Why am I taking this class) My hobby. Objectives:.

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction An Introduction to Hardware, Software, and the Internet

  2. Welcome • House Keep Work • Text Book • Supplement Materials • Lab • Assignment • Class schedule

  3. Introduce Yourself • My name, grade, from which school • My Goal (Why am I taking this class) • My hobby

  4. Objectives: • Get an overview of the main hardware components and terms: CPU, memory, peripheral devices • Learn about software: operating system and application software • Get an idea of how information is stored in computer memory • Learn basic facts about the Internet • Computer History

  5. Hardware Architecture

  6. What is Computer

  7. Motherboard Extension slots CPU RAM (SIMMs) ROM

  8. Von Neumann Computer Architecture Model

  9. RAM, CPU, Bus Memory (RAM) CPU Registers Address bus Data bus Memory (ROM)

  10. Hardware Terms • CPU — Central Processing Unit • RAM — Random-Access Memory • “random-access” means the CPU can read directly from and write to any memory location • holds both data and CPU instructions • ROM — Read-Only Memory • holds initialization and hardware diagnostic programs • Peripheral devices (secondary storage, input/output)

  11. Hardware • The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is made of millions of semiconductor devices, called transistors, etched into a silicon chip. • Transistors are combined to form logical devices called gates. • All digital electronics is basically made up of gates.

  12. CPU • In personal computers, the CPU is a microprocessor, contained on one chip. • The CPU speed is measured in GHz (gigahertz, billions of clock cycles per second) or, in older computers, in MHz (megahertz, millions of cycles). • A CPU instruction takes one or several clock cycles. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

  13. CPU proc near mov AX,01 mov BX,01 inc AX add BX,AX

  14. CPU Examples • 16 bits – the 8086, 8088 and 80286 • 32 bits – the 80386 and 486 • Pentium • Pentium II • Pentium III • Pentium 4

  15. Current CPU Update (optional slide) • Integrated Memory Controller

  16. Current CPU updates(Optional slide) • Multi-Cores • 4, 6, or 12 physical cores • Up to 24 virtual cores

  17. Multi-Processor(optional) • Need OS Support

  18. Memory/RAM 1 byte = 8 bits 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 • 1 KB (kilobyte) = 1024 bytes • 1 MB (megabyte) = 1024 · 1024 bytes • 1 GB (gigabyte) = 1024 · 1024 · 1024 bytes • 1 TB (terabyte) = 1024 gigabyes • 1 PB (petabyte) = 1024 terabyes bit 7 bit 0 210 220  106, a million 230  109, a billion

  19. Secondary Storage Flash drive: 1 - 8 GB Hard disk: 100 - 1000 GB CD-ROM: 700 MB A file is a software concept

  20. Input/Output (IO) Devices • Monitor and video adapter • Keyboard, mouse or touch pad • Sound card, speakers, microphone • Internet adapter, wi-fi (wireless) adapter • D/A (digital-to-analog) and A/D (analog-to-digital) converters • Scanners, digital cameras, printers

  21. Software Overview

  22. What is Programming • A computer must be programmed to perform tasks. Different tasks require different program • A computer program executes a sequence of very basic operations in rapid success

  23. Translating Human-Readable Programs to Machine Code • machine code depends on the CPU type • the instruction set of the Java virtual machine (JVM) can be executed on many CPUs • A typical sequence of machine instructions • difficult to write programs in machine code. • High-level languages allow you to describe tasks at a higher conceptual level than machine code • Compiler translates programs written in a high-level language into machine code.

  24. The Java Programming Language • originally designed for programming consumer devices • Portability • Applet Demo (url)

  25. Software Layers Software Applications Operating system Device drivers BIOS, firmware

  26. Software Terms • Operating system • a program that maintains the file system, dispatches applications, and provides other system-level services • Console application • a program with simple text user interface • GUI — Graphical User Interface • graphics, menus, buttons, icons, etc. • OOP — Object-Oriented Programming

  27. Software Engineers Skill Set: • Absorb and use emerging technical information • Create sound software system architectures • Understand and devise effective algorithms • Be proficient with the syntax and style of programming languages • Diagnose and correct programming errors Continued...

  28. Software Engineers are Able To: • Use software development tools and documentation • Find and utilize reusable software components • Design and implement friendly user interfaces • Uphold the highest standards of professional ethics

  29. Software Engineer Skill Set Summary

  30. SW Engineer Advanced Skill Set

  31. Representation of Information in Computer Memory

  32. Numbers In Memory • Integers are represented in binary (base 2) • Java uses 4 bytes for an integer (int data type) • 0 00000000 • 1 00000001 • 2 00000010 • 3 00000011 • ... ... • 255 11111111

  33. Numbers In Memory (cont’d) • For signed numbers, the most significant bit indicates the sign: • Negative numbers are represented in two’s-complement form 17 00000000 00000000 00000000 00010001 Sign bit 16 + 1 -17 11111111 11111111 11111111 11101111 17 + (-17) = 232 = 0 Sign bit

  34. Numbers in Memory (cont’d) • Real numbers are represented as floating-point numbers (similar to scientific notation) with a sign, binary mantissa (fractional part), and binary exponent. • Java uses 8 bytes (64 bits) for a “double” (that is, double-precision) floating-point number. double’s range is from -1.8  10308 to 1.8  10308 (but precision is only 14 significant digits)

  35. Characters • Unicode associates characters with numbers (2 bytes represent a character). • ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a subset comprising the first 128 codes of Unicode: • <space> 32  ‘A’ - ‘Z’ 65 - 90 • ‘0’ - ‘9’ 48 - 57  ‘a’ - ‘z’ 97 - 122 • The first 32 codes are control codes (Carriage Return, Newline, Tab, etc.).

  36. The Internet

  37. The Internet • A network of interconnected computers that share common communication protocols, TCP/IP • TCP: Transmission Control Protocol • IP: Internet Protocol

  38. TCP/IP protocols in layered network architecture Applications: telnet, www, e-mail, IM, FTP, Voice Transport: delivering data reliably and securely (TCP) Internetworking: routing and forwarding data (IP) Network technology (switches, adapters, routers)

  39. The Internet Terms • Browser • provides convenient way to download and display information from the Internet • Search engine • indexes and helps find the Internet documents that contain specified keywords and phrases • Portal • a large popular web site that has a collection of links arranged by category

  40. The Internet Terms (cont’d) • Host • a computer connected to a network • Server • a computer on a network that provides a particular service (e.g., e-mail server) • URL • Uniform Resource Locator, an address of a document or a resource on the Internet

  41. Review: • Describe the outputs of an AND gate for all possible combinations of the two inputs. • What are CPU, RAM, and ROM? • Approximately how many bytes are in a megabyte? In a gigabyte? In a terabyte? • Name six I/O devices.

  42. Review (cont’d): • Is a device driver a hardware or a software entity? • Is a file a hardware or a software concept? • Describe the main difference between a console and a GUI application. • Name several skills needed for software development.

  43. Review (cont’d): • What is the 8-bit binary representation for 6? • In Java, how many bytes are used to represent an integer (type int)? • Name several applications that run on the Internet. • What does TCP/IP stand for? • What is a search engine?

  44. Computer History(Prologue)

  45. Let’s Look at some videos • A look at the job opportunities and requirements in the fast growing computer field.

  46. Boolean Logic • WHAT'S A "BOOLEAN“ • BOOLEAN "AND“ • BOOLEAN "OR“ • BOOLEAN "NOT" / "AND NOT"

  47. Gates AND gate OR gate NOT gate

  48. Example: XOR A AND (NOT B) OR (NOT A) AND B

  49. Gate Implementation: Vacuum Tube 1906: De Forest Audion Vacuum Tube

  50. The ENIAC, the Dawn ofComputing

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