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Quali opzioni gestionali e farmacologiche se il paziente peggiora ?

Quali opzioni gestionali e farmacologiche se il paziente peggiora ? Valentino Moretti San Daniele d.F.

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Quali opzioni gestionali e farmacologiche se il paziente peggiora ?

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  1. Quali opzioni gestionali e farmacologiche se il paziente peggiora ? Valentino Moretti San Daniele d.F.

  2. Benchè la maggioranza dei pazienti rispondano alla terapia medica alcuni non migliorano o sperimentano una rapida ricorrenza di sintomi. Questi pazienti hanno sintomi a riposo o al minimo sforzo e richiedono ospedalizzazioni prolungate.

  3. Steveson, J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1797

  4. * terapia con diuretici e.v. * terapia con inotropi e.v. * ultrafiltrazione * terapia di resincronizzazione * supporto meccanico * trapianto * terapie sperimentali

  5. 33% 30 24% 25 16% no change or gain in Body Weight 49% little or no Weight Loss 20 11% 13% 15 7% 10 6% 3% 2% 5 0 (<-20) (-20 to -15) (-15 to -10) (-10 to -5) (-5 to 0) (0 to 5) (5 to 10) (>10) Change in Weight (lbs) ADHERE Registry All Enrolled Discharges from October 2001 to January 2004 Change in weight was assessed in 51,013 patient episodes Discharged Home (including home with additional and/or outpatient care) Enrolled Discharges

  6. Perché quasi la metà dei pazienti ricoverati con ADHF non perde peso ? • .

  7. E’così facile valutare il sovraccarico di liquidi ?

  8. Il gold standard : radioisotopi • BNP • Impedenzometria • B lines ( ultrasuoni ) • Dimensioni della cava inferiore ( ultrasuoni )

  9. Cause di resistenza ai diuretici • Dose inadeguata • Non Compliance • Farmaci non assunti • ElevataintroduzionediNaCl • Assorbimento • Secrezione • IRC • Età • Farmaci • FANS • Ipoproteinemia • Ipotensione • Inibizionediretta FANS ACE/ARB • Tolleranza • Attivazioneneuroormonale

  10. La resistenza ai diuretici può essere superata da terapia endovenosa ( in infusione continua ? ) diuretici in combinazione ( es furosemide/metolazone ) uso di diuretici e farmaci che incrementano il flusso renale ultrafiltrazione

  11. IV Loop Diuretics: Bolus vs. Continuous Infusion Rudy DW et al. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:360 Metanalysis: Continuous Infusion Superior to Bolus Injection: Salvador DRK et al. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003178.pub3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003178.pub3.

  12. IMPLICAZIONI DEL TRIAL The DOSE trial has importantly identified a lack of greater benefit with the diuretic regimen of continuous infusion — a regimen that is used frequently — than with a regimen of intermittent boluses. It also showed that, despite theoretical concerns and the findings of prior observational studies, a high dose of loop diuretics, as compared with a low dose, did not substantially worsen renal function. Both of these findings should change current practice. Since a high-dose regimen may relieve dyspnea more quickly without adverse effects on renal function, that regimen is preferable to a low-dose regimen. Administration of boluses may be more convenient than continuous infusion and equally effective.

  13. La resistenza ai diuretici può essere superata da terapia endovenosa ( in infusione continua ? ) diuretici in combinazione ( es furosemide/metolazone ) uso di diuretici e farmaci che incrementano il flusso renale ultrafiltrazione

  14. Ellison DH. The physiologic basis of diuretic synergism: its role in treating diuretic resistance. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 886-94. First, nephron segments downstream from the site of diuretic action increase sodium-chloride (NaCl) reabsorption because the delivered NaCl load increases. Second, diuretic-induced contraction of the extracellular fluid volume stimulates kidney tubules to retain NaCl until the next dose of diuretic is administered. Third, kidney tubules themselves may become hypertrophic because they are chronically stimulated by diuretic-induced increases in NaCl delivery. These adaptations all increase the rate of NaCl reabsorption and blunt the effectiveness of diuretic therapy. When diuretic resistance is present, using a second diuretic drug that acts in a different nephron segment is often effective

  15. Sede di azione dei diversi tipi di diuretico

  16. La resistenza ai diuretici può essere superata da terapia endovenosa ( in infusione continua ? ) diuretici in combinazione ( es furosemide/metolazone ) uso di diuretici e farmaci che incrementano il flusso renale ultrafiltrazione

  17. La resistenza ai diuretici può essere superata da terapia endovenosa ( in infusione continua ? ) diuretici in combinazione ( es furosemide/metolazone ) uso di diuretici e farmaci che incrementano il flusso renale ultrafiltrazione

  18. Fluid Removal by Ultrafiltration Interstitial Space (Edema) • Ultrafiltration can remove fluid from the blood at the same rate that fluid can be naturally recruited from the tissue • The transient removal of blood elicits a compensatory mechanism, called plasma or intravascular refill (PR), aimed at minimizing this reduction1,2 Na P H2O Na K UF K PR P Vascular Space Na Vascular Space Na 1. Lauer et al. Arch Intern Med. 1983;99:455-460. 2. Marenzi et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:4.

  19. Il mondo reale

  20. Primo DRG Età media 80 anni Assenza tecnologia Comorbidità IRC > 50%

  21. Il mondo reale Diuretici e.v. Dobutamina/dopamina – furosemide Ultrafiltrazione : occasionale Oltre 80 anni ? Resincronizzazione ICD

  22. Il mondo reale Aspetti gestionali follow up ambulatorio dedicato Post acuzie RSA Hospice Percorsi con MMG

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