Scientists Time Line

1. Scientists Time Line By: Ashley Morgan & Kendra Mclhenny

2. Andreas Vesalius • December 31st,1514- October 15th,1564 • was an Anatomist and a physician. • wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy called De Humanicorporisfabrica in 1543. • is also referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.

3. Jan van Helmont • 1577-1644 born in Belgium • Flemish chemist, physiologist and physician. • performed a famous experiment in which he grew a willow tree in a carefully weighed amount of soil in 1621. • was considered the first chemical theorist. • was the first to understand that there are gases distinct in kind from atmospheric air.

4. William Harvey • 1578-1657 Born in England • He published An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals in 1628, which explained how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body, then returned to the heart and recirculated. • He published Essays on the Generation of Animals in 1651. • He developed the first complete theory of circulation of blood.

5. Giovanni Borelli • January 28th, 1608- December 31st, 1679 • He was a Renaissance Italian physiologist, physicist, and mathematician. • He continued Galileo’s customs of testing hypotheses against observation. • He published De motuanimaliumin 1681.

6. Thomas Wharton • 1614-1673 born in Durham • He was credited with the first description of the sub maxillary salivary duct • In 1656 he wrote Adenographia. • Named the thyroid gland in it

7. Marcello Malpighi • 1628-1694 born in Italy • 17th century physiologist • the first publication in 1661 announced his observations on the anatomy of the frog lung dissected lung tissue, Malpighi discovered a network of tiny thin-walled microtubules, which he named capillaries • made major contributions to the science of embryology • first to attempt a thorough study of the fine anatomical details of the brain • published as a book entitled Anatomia Plantarum

8. Richard Lower • 1631-1691 born in England • traced the circulation of blood as it passes through the lungs and learned that it changes when exposed to air • first to observe the difference in arterial and venous blood • showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to man in 1667 • investigated to see how cerebrospinal fluid was formed and how it circulated • wrote Diatribae T. Willisii de Febribus Vindicatio and Tractatus de Corde

9. Anton Van Leewehoek • October 24th, 1632- August 26th, 1723 • Interested in the making of microscopes • Observed the structure of the skin, hair, teeth, and the eye and observed minute creatures in pond water and discovered their eggs and pupae of ants. • In 1698 he demonstrated circulation in the capillaries of an eel

10. Jean Baptiste Denis • 1640-1704 born in France • performed a blood transfusion experiment on two dogs • experiments involving transfusion from three calves to three dogs were made • made 4 blood transfusions from animals to people in 1667

11. Giovanni Morgagni • February 25th, 1682- December 6th, 1771 • Was an Italian anatomist • Celebrated as the Father of modern anatomical pathology. • He described the post mortem findings of air in cerebral circulation • Published ‘De Sedibus et CausisMorburum Per AnatomenIndagatis’ in 1761

12. Albrecht von Haller • 1708-1777 born in Switzerland • revolutionized our knowledge of blood flow and heart action. • clarified the relation between respiration and blood flow. • explained nerve action in muscles. • gave us new insights into human reproduction and birth defects • In 1736, he was appointed professor of anatomy, surgery and botany at the university of Göttingen

13. John Hunter • 1728-1793 born in Scotland • considered one of the greatest anatomists of all time and the founder of experimental pathology • put the practice of surgery on a scientific foundation and laid the framework for the twentieth century developments • discovered that eels need salt water for the development of their reproductive organs and the deep sea is their spawning place • most famous experiment, he infected himself with syphilis, then he traced the course of the disease and its treatment with mercury and cauterization. • Wrote a book on syphilis, Magic Bullet, in 1776

14. Lazzaro Spallanzani • January 10th, 1729- February 12th, 1799 • He was an Italian Catholic Priest, an anatomist, and a physiologist. He study bodily functions, animal reproduction, and essentially discovered echolocation. • In 1773 he investigated the circulation of the blood through the lungs and other organs and did an important series of experiments on digestion • He died of bladder cancer.

15. Edward Jenner • 1749-1823 • Father of immunology • Discovered the smallpox vaccine by using cowpox infested milkmaids and took pus from their blisters and injected it into his own son • 1840 the British government had banned alternative preventive treatments against smallpox. • "Vaccination," the word Jenner invented for his treatment • Thankfully his idea for an immunization worked and now we cannot contract the smallpox.

16. Charles Bell • 1774-1842 • Scottish surgeon-anatomist • published "Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting“ in 1806 • established that the nerves of the special senses could be traced from specific areas of the brain to their end organs • clearly demonstrated that spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor functions and that sensory fibers traverse the posterior roots whereas the motor fibers run through the anterior

17. Francois Magendie • October 6th, 1783- October 7th, 1855 • Founder of the science of toxicology • A pioneer experimental physiologist in France • Described the effects and uses of morphine, emetine, quinine, strychnine, and other alkaloids • In 1817 he published Précis élémentaire de physiologie, the first modern physiology textbook which was translated into English and published in America in 1822

18. Ernst Heinrich Weber • 1795-1878 born in Germany • German physician who is considered a founder of experimental psychology • discovered the logarithmic relation between physical and psychological magnitudes • discovered the existence of a rudimentary uterus in male mammals • appointed professor of comparative anatomy at. Leipzig in 1818, professor of human anatomy in 1821, and, in addition. professor of physiology in 1840

19. Johannes Muller • 1801-1858 born in Germany • professor at the University of Berlin in anatomy, physiology, and pathology • Matched the selective nature of perception of different sensations through the electrical impulses transmitted by the nervous system • Came to the conclusion that electrical impulses occurred in different nerve pathways, which he called channels • The first volume of Müller's most famous treatise, The Handbook of Human Physiology, appeared in 1834 and was translated into English in 1837

20. Claude Bernard • July 12th, 1813-Feb 10th, 1878 • A very important French physiologist • Considered the father of modern experimental physiology • In 1835 he stared with the physiology of digestion specifically the roles of the pancreas, exocrine gland, the gastric juices, and the intestines • He also studied neurosciences such as sensory nerves

21. Henry Gray • 1827- 1861 • Was an English anatomist and surgeon. • He is most notable for publishing the book Grey’s Anatomy. • He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of only 25. • In 1848, Gray won a coveted prize from the Royal College of Surgeons for his anatomical work on the eye and optic nerves.

22. Reinier De Graaf • July 30th, 1841- August 17th, 1873 • Was a Dutch Physician and anatomist and he also made key discoveries in reproductive biology. • He also studied parts of the human genitalia. • He described testicular tubes, the efferent ducts, the corpora lutea, and described the function of the fallopian tubes. • His monograph on the male reproductive system was published in 1668: ‘tractus de virorumorganisgenerationiinservenientibus’

23. Paul Ehrlich • March 14th, 1854- August 20th, 1915 • Was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy. • He actually coined the term chemotherapy and popularized the concept of “Magic Bullets”. • In 1908 he shared with Metchnikoff the highest scientific distinction, the Nobel Prize.

24. Walter Bradford Cannon • October 19th, 1871- October 1st, 1945 • Was an American physiologist, who expanded Claude Bernard’s concept of being in a constant state of equilibrium by giving it the term Homeostasis. • He also wrote a book called the Wisdom Of The Body that was published in 1932.

25. Bradford Cannon •  (December 2, 1907 – December 20, 2005) • was a pioneer in the field of reconstructive surgery, specializing in burn victims. • He was the first chief of plastic and reconstructive surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital and is credited with saving the lives of thousands of soldiers maimed during World War II.