Aim: How did Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, lead the drive for German unity?

1. Aim: How did Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, lead the drive for German unity? DO NOW: Refresher – What is Nationalism? How does it shape cultural identity?

2. Background • 1848 = university students passionately demanded national unity and liberal reforms, peasants and workers joined • German States (Frankfurt Assembly) = delegates create a constitution, debate on whether Germany should be a republic or monarchy •  offered Prussia’s Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany • He rejects the offer because it did not come from princes but from the people.

3. Steps toward unity • -German speaking people lived in German states, Prussia and the Austrian Hapsburg Empire

4. Bismarck and German unity • Otto von Bismarck • Strengthening the Army • Wars with Denmark and Austria • Franco-Prussian War

5. The German Empire • Second Reich! – they believed they were the heir to the Holy Roman Empire

6. “Blood and Iron” • -Blood  sacrifices made to unify • -Iron  the need to industrialize • -Germany becomes an industrial giant!

7. The Iron Chancellor • Campaign against the Church • Campaign against the Socialists

8. Kaiser William II • -new emperor of Germany • -believes strongly in divine rule • -asks Bismarck to step down • -government provides ‘social welfare’ programs to people • -Germany focuses on becoming a ‘military machine’

9. EXIT how did Germany become unified?

10. AIM: How did influential leaders help to create a unified Italy? Do now: summarize the unification of Germany.

11. Italian Unification • Story of three men • Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart” • Camillo Cavour—stateman“The Head” • Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword” • -Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders • -Austrian Empire and Pope led opposition • -Many different visions of a united Italy • -Many were apathetic to idea

14. Nationalism • Movement spread by a secret society—Carbonari (coal-burners) • Influenced by French Revolution • Led revolts in 1820 and 1831 • Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian Nationalism • Formed new group called Young Italy • Campaigns for national Italian dialect

15. Unification comes by military and diplomatic means • Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont

16. Count Camillo Cavour • -Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel • -Build Sardiniainto modern economically sound state • -Clear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of reality • Northern Italy under Sardinia’s control • Not interested in Southern Italy • Too different-poor and agrarian • Establish kingdom as a serious European power • Fights in Crimean war • Negotiates French support in war with Austria

17. Creation of a Unified Northern Italy • -Prompted by Piedmont’s victory over Austria, several Italian revolt. • -Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont. • -By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

19. Giuseppe Garibaldi • Leader of a guerilla movement • Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts) • Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolution • Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of the Two Sicilies • Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or is it “unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.

20. Unification • -By 1861, all of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united. • -Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia • Venetia will be added in 1866 • -Rome seized in 1870.

22. Problems after Unification • Italy—poor w/ large illiterate population • Division between church and state • Economic divisions between the North and South • Localism too strong in many areas • Development of local strongmen • Little knowledge of and participation in gov’t

23. Solutions to problems? • -Industry and trade were fostered by gov’t — transformismo • -Improved agricultural methods developed • -Gov’t encouraged emigration to US—ease over-population due to high birthrate • -High taxes paid to support growing Army and Navy

24. AIM: How did desire for national independence among ethnic groups weaken and ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman Empires? DO NOW: Summarize unification in both Germany and Italy by comparing whether nationalism had a positive or negative effect respectively on Italy and Germany and why?

25. AUSTRIAN EMPIRE • Holy Roman Empire  shifts to Central Europe: Austria • Emperor Francis-Joseph tried to solve problems, they were too great for one ruler • Problems faced by the empire included: • The great number of national minorities which were living in the empire • Over-extension of the empire into areas, such as Italy • Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia. • Absolutist, dynastic and agrarian VS.liberal, nationalistic and industrial

26. Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary • Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decline in influence and power • 1867: Ferenc Deak • Austria and Hungary under one monarch • Hungarians recognized the emperor and accepted common policies for finances & foreign policy. • Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over its own minorities, make its own laws • Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities in region does not give autonomy to other minorities *Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914

28. Ottoman empire - Stretched from Eastern Europe to the Balkans, to North Africa and the Middle East • Balkan Nationalism Erupts – Serbia wins autonomy in 1830, southern Greece in 1830s. (1800s full of revolts for independence) • European powers divide up Ottoman Empire – “sick man of Europe”. Quadruple Alliance break it apart. • War in the Balkans • Russia v. Ottomans (Crimean War) Germany Encourages them, supported by Austria-Hungary Joined by Britain and France

30. Exit Slip • Write a THESIS STATEMENT (single conclusive sentence): • Do you believe the Hapsburgs or the Ottoman Turks could have built a modern, unified nation from their multinational empires?

31. Aim: Why did Industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe? Do now: Thesis statement review from last class

32. Conditions in Russia • 1815: Russian colossus (giant) • -immense natural resources • -global influence due to size • -Europeans disliked Russia: • -autocratic government • -feared its expansion • -Russia remained: • -economically undeveloped • -rigid social structure • -rulers with absolute power

33. Emancipation and stirrings of revolution • -Alexander II – 1855 – Crimean War • Russia’s defeated by Ottomans: show’s backwardness (TIME FOR CHANGE) • -1861: issues emancipation of serfs  freedom brings problems BUT was a turning point (boosted the drive for further reform) • -Other Reforms: set up local governments (zemstvos), trial by jury, eased censorship, military terms reduced, brutal discipline limited • -Radicals (socialists) demand more reform  assassinate Alexander II • -Alexander III responds to father’s assassination by reviving harsh methods of tsars, persecuted Jewish population ex: encouraged pogroms

34. The drive to industrialize • Finally industrializes under Alexander III & Nicholas II by late 1890s: • -encouraged building of railroads • -secured foreign capital • -political and social problems increased • -Socialists waited at factory gates & handed out ideas of Karl Marx

35. Turning point: crisis and revolution Revolution of 1905 Effects: -the “October Manifesto” – Czar Nicholas II announces reforms and new freedoms -Nicholas II sets up the Duma, which must approve all laws -Nicholas II dissoved the first Duma when its leaders criticize the government -Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed • Causes: • -low spirits after defeat in 1904 Russo-Japanese War • -poverty and bad working conditions • -corrupt government • -“Bloody Sunday” *By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest

36. Exit Slip • On Index Card: • How did Nationalism contribute to the start of WWI? (Thesis Statement – SINGLE SENTENCE)