Light in August

1. Light in August 2nd Period

2. About the Author: Basic Details • Faulkner was born on 25 September 1897.  • he came from an old Southern family and grew up in Oxford, Mississippi even though he was born in New Albany, Mississippi. • He had a few trips to Europe and Asia • William Faulkner died on July 6, 1962 from a heart attack. He joined the Canadian, and later the British, Royal Air Force during the First World War. Faulkner also studied for a while at the University of Mississippi.

3. About the Author: Interesting facts Faulkner temporarily worked for a New York bookstore and a New Orleans newspaper and had a few brief stays in Hollywood as a scriptwriter. • During World War I, when Faulkner was trying to get into the Royal Air Force in Canada (he was too short for the Americans), he changed the spelling of his name so it would look more English. Faulkner did join the RAF, but never made it overseas. • Faulker was preceded as Nobel Laureate by T.S. Eliot (1948) and followed by Bertrand Russell (1950). • He is regarded as one of America's most influential fiction writers Faulkner’s work is known for its long, winding sentences and complex allusions, and for its use of the literary devices of Modernism such as stream-of-consciousness narration, multiple unreliable narrators, and non-chronological plot construction. Along with Mark Twain and Tennessee Williams, Faulkner is often considered one of the most important writers in the history of the American South.

4. Themes Isolation: All of the predominant characters in this novel are isolated in one way or another from society. Lena Grove is frowned upon by society for being pregnant before getting married, and even though the people are nice to her they secretly judge her; Reverend Gail Hightower is ignored by his community; Joanna Burden is isolated due to her ancestors, and by the fact that she, unlike most everyone else in the town, is not a racist, but rather works to help African-Americans.  Lastly, Joe Christmas is isolated from society in that no one, not even he, knows his past or place in society Burden of the Past: Each character has a past that they struggle to overcome. Lena is a naïve young girl, who will not admit that her baby’s father purposefully never sent for her. Rev. Hightower has to deal with the fact that his wife cheated on him and that he lost his one true passion, which was the church. In chapter 20 we also learn how Rev. Hightower feels he grew up with three phantoms: his father, his mother, and the negro cook. Struggle for Identity: Joe Christmas seems to have the hardest time of all finding his own identity. He never knew his parents since he was left on the orphanage’s doorstep. His racial background is also ambiguios.  Sexuality: Christmas has a hard time accepting women and trusting them. His first experience was with the dietician at the orphanage, who he associates with toothpaste and vomit.  Ms. Burden and Christmas go through different phases of their relationship, with it tragically ending with Christmas killing her.

5. Themes- cont. Racism: This novel is set in the South (Mississippi) shortly after the Civil War. Most white men and woman still refer to African-Americans as “niggers” and treat them poorly. Joanna Burden and her family have been isolated, and her grandfather and half-brother even killed, over supporting the black race. Mr. Hines, although dependent on negro women bringing him and his wife food, preaches about the white superiority in negro services. The fact that Joe Christmas is part African-American makes his murder of Ms. Burden, a white woman, seem even worse to the eyes of the townspeople. The citizens of Mottstown even said “…and the nigger acting like a nigger for the first time and taking it, not saying anything…” referring to Christmas being caught and beaten. The racism shown throughout the novel also ties with the characters’ hypocrisy of religion. Religion (and the hypocrisy thereof): This novel has a large overarching theme of religion, whether it is hypocritical or genuine. Hightower was the reverend of Jefferson, but his sermons were a little too radical for the townspeople and after the incident with his wife, the church shunned him and made him leave, an act that in itself does not seem very holy. Mr. McEachern, Christmas’ foster father, was supposedly a very religious man, but beat Christmas often. Mr. Hines, as well, would preach sermons victimizing blacks. The citizens of Jefferson would constantly gossip and isolate others, such as Rev. Hightower, Mrs. Burden and Lena, even though they had done nothing against them. They might be “holy” people, but their actions show differently.

6. written in third person • – intimate, personal, immediate approach to issues and people. • no external explanation from the anonymous third person • -heightens tension, adds to immediacy of work, allows for focus on specifics and uncertainty rather than summary and absolutism. (Ch. 12, P 283 – 287, gun, two bullets & significance therein) • Three voices of personal speaking that emphasize • -“Spoken, external quotes” • -‘shallow, conscious and formulated thoughts’ • -Personal, stream of conscious, spontaneous reactions and assumptions – what is too bad to say or think. • (Pages. 77-8, “Well…least.”, 215, “He…least,” “The…Jam”) Faulkner's Style 

7. Style cont. Faulkner demonstrates connection to the world in strong emphasis on surface, everyday details, such as dew, food, clothing, hair, especially trees – effect of being pieced together by several viewpoints rather than an overarching one – immediacy effect. -(P. 206, Para 2, “Still…mules.”) crafted to be extremely individual-specific approach – events happen as characters of focus see them constrained by person in question; events, (Burden fire), can take half book to be entirely revealed & explained. (Ch 1, Ch 4, Ch 12) Periodic/ journalistic – most poignant information about characters (Burden, Hightower, Christmas) revealed in a tense and occasionally tedious chronological fashion – situational occurrences revealed by time in stark, deeply emotional way. -(P. 286, “Then…me.’”)

8. Style cont. Character behavior rich in allusions, as are character names, which suggest personality. (Birch, Bunch, Christmas, Hightower, etc.) names and actions subtly metaphorical for biblical occurrences. -Ch. 1 Lena’s arrival/suspicion of twins = Mary’ arrival in Nazareth, Idea of Christ being part god/part man, as Christmas is part white/part black. -Ch. 5 Christmas’ ordeal in wilderness = Christ’s 40 day desert trial -Ch. 7 Joe’s shed fight = Christ’s ordeal in the temple -Ch. 12-13 Joe’s brief interlude from society from Friday to Monday = Christ’s interlude form the world for three days after crucifixion.

9. Prompt- The meaning of some literary works is often enhanced by sustained allusion to myths, the Bible, or other works of literature. Select a literary work that makes use of such a sustained reference. Then write a well-organized essay in which you explain the allusion that predominates in the work and analyze how it enhances the work’s meaning. Opening Paragraph- William Faulkner’s, Light in August, portrays several biblical allusions throughout the novel. There are many specific references to the Bible such as Lena Grove and Joe Christmas’s characters similarities to Mary and Christ. The most prominent connections can be seen in Joe’s character in instances such as sacrificing the lamb and the washing of his feet. These allusions as well as several others contribute to understanding the importance and personal commentary Faulkner has regarding religion. Essay: 1981

10. Prompt- Choose a complex and important character in a novel or a play of recognized literary merit who might on the basis of the character’s actions alone be considered evil or immoral. In a well-organized essay, explain both how and why the full presentation of the character in the work makes us react more sympathetically than we otherwise might. Avoid plot summary. Opening Paragraph- Light in August, by William Faulkner portrays a disturbed character by the name of Joe Christmas. This man has performed many acts of violence and has the reoccurring theme of death in his life but, one can not help but feel sympathy for him because of his upbringing. Faulkner describes in detail Christmas’s troubled life as a child and as he has grown up which aids in understanding the person he has become. Although in many other circumstances his actions would be seen as evil it can be comprehended that he is just a product of a corrupt childhood. Essay: 1979

11. Prompt- Some works of literature use the element of time in a distinct way. The chronological sequence of events may be altered, or time may be suspended or accelerated. Choose a novel, an epic, or a play of recognized literary merit and show how the author’s manipulation of time contributes to the effectiveness of the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot. Opening Paragraph- William Faulkner is renowned for his unique writing style which he exhibits in his novel, Light in August. In this story he changes the usual time of events and goes back and forth through the town’s and characters own personal histories. Through this method of writing he is able to highlight key events which have important roles to the layout of the story and understanding the individuals lives. This creates complexity in the characters as well as depth and meaning to the overall story. Essay: 1986

12. Connections to HTRLLP The occurrence of Violence in Light in August is mainly centered around the character of Joe Christmas, whether he is the victim (early ages) or the perpetrator. In Christmas’ childhood scenes of violence continuously occur where there should have been kindness and later that leaves him a cold person. The violence portrayed in Christmas’ early life from McEachern are perpetrated through religion, thus showing a strong connection of the dangers apparent in such strong organized religion. Later the violence that Joe Christmas inflicts is a hidden meaning of struggle for identity and possibly misogyny. Christmas has continual outrages throughout the novel (a major one is his church incident) about the mystery of his heritage. In HTRLLP, Foster states, “with Faulkner the violence is historically conditioned...Class, welfare, racism...all figure in the violence.” (pg. 94) One of Joe’s first violent actions is that of beating Bobbie, which seems to show his hatred of woman and the fact that they are unpredictable. A huge act of violence is at the end when Percy Grimm shoots Christmas five times, then castrates him. This reflects the racial and misogynist violence in the old South. Joe’s death at the end of the novel also portrays a glimpse of redemption. “...who suffers emasculation at the novel’s end...his life and death have to do with the possibility of redemption.” (HTRLLP pg. 95)

13. Connections cont. On the surface of connecting Joe Christmas to a Christ-like figure one can simple look at his name, Christmas, or even his initials J.C.  Other connections also correlate Christmas to a Christ figure. Foster lists that Christ figures may have: “wounds in hands, feet, or head, 2) in agony, 6) thirty years of age when last seen, 11) known to have spent time in wilderness, unmarried, and/or have been tempted.” (pg. 119-121) The character of Joe Christmas connects to at least most of the above mentioned.  In a stretch one could say that Christmas was injured in the head in a mental sense of being broken and cold hearted, obviously Joe is in agony the entire novel in which he struggles with his own identity and race. Christmas is killed in his early thirties by the end of the novel, and in chapters 13- 15 of Light in August; Joe is running and hiding in the wilderness from the police, and also possibly himself. Through his wandering in the woods Joe eventually comes to accept himself. He never marries, or even has any real feeling for a woman after Bobbie, though it could be argued for Joanna Burden. Foster states that not all Christ figures have to be good or even fit all the qualifications, but “perhaps the parallel deepens our sense of the characters sacrifice.” Other connections to a Christ figure can be found on pages 185 and 166 in LIA where Joe Christmas “sacrifices” the sheep, and his feet are washed.

14. Connections cont. Acts of eating together and mainly just the mention of food continuously occur throughout the novel LIA. Throughout the novel Joe Christmas either passionately refuses or accepts food from women. In the beginning, Bobbie is associated with food. Christmas meets Bobbie in a diner, and then he orders pie, etc. According to Foster “acts of communion (although Bobbie and Christmas may not be eating together, she is associated with food, and Joe’s act of eating) constitutes a shared experience...consuming desire.” Joe’s associated of Bobbie and food is his first real connection with a person of the opposite sex, and thus symbolizes Joe’s need for nourishment and desire. He wants to share his life and his secrets with someone else, and he confides in Bobbie because she is trustworthy in his mind. Later in the novel Joe loses his hunger yet still eats because he feels he has to in order to feel, or be a person. Joe’s eating with Joanna Burden is not only an act of desperate belongingness, but also shows Joe’s own “tension and conflict” running through him. (HTRLLP pg. 13) When Joanna Burden feeds him he feels they have control over him and in the end, when he stops eating, it is the first time he is able to control his life and control his own identity struggle.

15. Chapter 1: Plot & Character Developments The novel starts our with Lena Grove, one of the main characters, looking for the man who impregnated her, who is Lucas Burch.William Faulkner show his technique of using flashbacks by showing a bit of Lena’s past, of living with her brother and his family, and how they found out about her pregnancy with a bachelor that left around six months ago. “The sister-in-law told the brother. Then he remarked her changing shape, which he should have noticed some time before....He called her a whore.”(pg. 6)Lena seems to show courage, leaving her home to go on a journey to find the father of her child so she can marry him. Yet she seems to be naive, thinking that they both will get married as soon as she finds him. 

16. Ch 1: Quotes Lena doesn’t seem to like being in the debt of other. “I wouldn’t be beholden, she says” (pg. 14) Yet she accepts Mrs. Armstid’s egg money given by Mr. Armstid.Both Mr. and Mrs. Armstid seem to doubt that Burch will agree to marry though Mr. Armstid seem to admire her guts. “Maybe she will. If it’s running away from her she’s after, I reckon he’s going to find out he made a bad mistake when he stopped before he put the Mississippi River between him.” (pg. 16) Martha Armstid is the one who seems to think that Lena is wasting her time. “Mrs. Armstid watches the lowered face. Her hand are on her hips and she watches the younger woman with an expression of cold and impersonal contempt.Though Mr. Armstid had just known Lena for almost one day, he still shows kindness to her. “any time you are passing back this way, tomorrow or even tonight......” (pg. 24) He also shows more hope that Lena will find Burch instead of his wife Martha. “I reckon he knows more than even Martha does, like when she told Martha last night about how the Lord will see that what is right will get done.”

17. Chapter 2: Summary The chapter opens with Byron Bunch remembering the day three years ago when Joe Christmas came to the planning mill in Jefferson. Christmas begins living in a run-down cottage owned by one Miss Burden, where he makes and sells illegal whiskey. Byron Bunch continues by remembering the day six months ago when Joe Brown also came to the mill and started working with Joe Christmas. Eventually, Christmas quits his job at the mill, and Brown and Christmas were seen driving around in a new car. One Saturday, a fire breaks out at the Burden residence. Bunch, the only one working at the mill that day, sees smoke rising from the house. Bunch is interrupted when Lena Grove comes into the mill and asks for one “Lucas Burch.” Byron tells her that there is no Burch, and that she must be looking for “Bunch.” Lena tells Byron her story, and Byron tells Lena about the two Joes – when Lena asks about Joe Brown’s white scar, Byron Bunch realizes that Joe Brown and Lucas Burch are the same person.

18. Ch 2: Plot Development & Themes Plot Development: We learn that Lucas Burch and Joe Brown are the same person. Byron Bunch falls in love with Lena Grove. Themes of Perception: In this chapter, Faulkner really makes his first comment on southern society. Joe Christmas is characterized as a “foreigner” by the town just because of his name. Gail Hightower is a character who is trapped in his own home by the assumptions of the town. Faulkner comments on the superficiality of American society at this time with the assumptions the people of Jefferson make about strangers.

19. Ch 2: Quotes “His name is what?” one said. “Christmas.” “Is he a foreigner?” “Did you ever hear of a white man named Christmas?” the foreman said.” “Then one Saturday night she got killed, in a house or something in Memphis. Papers full of it. He had to resign from the church, but he wouldn’t leave Jefferson, for some reason. They tried to get him to, for his own sake as well as the town’s, the church’s. That was pretty bad on the church, you see. Having strangers come here and hear about it, and him refusing to leave the town. But he wouldn’t go away.” ““Joe Brown,” she says. “Has he got a little white scar right here by his mouth?” And he cannot look at her, and he sits there on the stacked lumber when it is too late, and he could have bitten his tongue in two.”

20. Chapter 3: Quotes “Then Hightower came. The reporters tried to stop him but he walked right through them and into the church and up into the pulpit. The old ladies and some of the old men were already in the church, horrified and outraged, not so much about the Memphis business as about the presence of the reporters. But when Hightower came in and actually went up into the pulpit, they forgot about the reporters even.” This quote is significant because it demonstrates Hightower’s character as a determined man with much perseverance. He is strong willed, and does not wish to succumb to all of the drama of the reporters, regarding his wife. “Byron bunch,” he says. “In town on Sunday night. Byron Bunch in town on Sunday.” This quote is significant because it provides evidence for major plot and character development. It leaves the end of the chapter with a major hook, because Byron Bunch is never in town on Sundays, so it leaves the reader wondering why he has decided to show up at Hightower’s door. It also says something about his character developing too. He is wiling to step out of his own boundaries, and try new things.

21. Ch 3: Themes and POV • Theme: The burdens of the past – Hightower’s past catches up with him, driving him to isolation. His adulteress wife that he had tried to keep a secret, was exposed, ruining Hightower’s reputation. • Theme: The isolation of the individual – Hightower secludes himself involuntarily from the rest of the town, living with shame and remorse for what his wife did to him. • POV is third person.

22. Ch 4: Plot and character development • Character development - Hightower is introduced and the complexities of his past are introduced. Byron Bunch unexpectedly shows up in town on a Sunday, which is rare for him, allowing the reader to understand that he is willing to push his own limits and go to extremes if after a certain thing. • Plot development – A new plot line is introduced with Reverend Hightower. His story is told, and his past exposed. Lena Grove doesn’t appear much in this chapter, however the connection between Hightower and Lena is Byron in this particular chapter, who happens to show up towards the end of the chapter.

23. Chapter 4: Significant Quotes • “And he said how if she could just have done that when she was alive, she might not have been doing it now.” – Byron Bunch, in reference to a man making a cruel joke about the nearly-decapitated Miss Burden. • “Accuse the white man and let the nigger go free. Accuse the white and let the nigger run” – Joe Brown, in reference to being accused of a crime that he claims was committed by Joe Christmas. • “Is it certain, proved, that he has Negro blood? Think, Byron; what it will mean when the people – if they catch…Poor man. Poor mankind.” – Gail Hightower, in reference to the town learning of Joe Christmas’ true heritage.

24. Ch 4: Plot Development • Byron Bunch goes to Reverend Gail Hightower to tell him that he placed a woman named Lena Grove in a boardinghouse. Lena is looking for the father of her unborn child, who Bunch suspects to be Joe Brown. Brown was living with Joe Christmas in a cabin on the property of Miss Burden, until the property burned down recently. Burden was found decapitated, and Brown claims that the murderer is Christmas. Brown is then placed in custody, but Byron neglects to tell Lena because he has fallen for her.

25. Ch 4: Character Development • Joe Brown rats out his friend for a $1000 reward because of his greedy nature. • Byron Bunch takes in and looks after Lena Grove because of his compassionate nature. • Gail Hightower listens to Byron’s story and offers him advice because of his charitable nature.

26. POV: Third person omniscient, with Byron Bunch narrating most of the chapter to Reverend Gail Hightower. Ch 4: Point of View & Themes Themes: love, guilt, religious hypocrisy.

27. Chapter 5: Summary The chapter begins with Joe Christmas not being able to sleep and then getting into a scuffle with Joe Brown after he comes into the cabin loud and drunk and makes some racial slurs. Christmas beats him until he stops laughing then smokes and goes and curses Miss Burden outside her home.  At this point Christmas takes off his clothes by the road and as a car goes by a women yells and Christmas curses her as well. He then puts his clothes on and decides to sleep in the stables. When he awakes he decides to walk around and walks through all parts of town and the trails in the woods by town.  When he finishes this he encounters a group of black folk and proceeds to try and walk through them. When they get out of his way and leave him he realizes that this whole time he had been holding a knife in his hand.  From here he walks back to Miss Burden’s house and sits there in the dark until the clock strikes three. Then he thinks that something bad is going to happen to him.

28. Ch 5: Quotes “He could see the printed sentence, fullborn and already dead God loves me like the faded and weathered letters on a last years billboard God loves me too”  -This quote shows that Christmas has some connection to Christianity. It also shows how his past is having a direct connection in the way he is evaluating the things that happen to him “It’s because they are not women. Even a mare horse is a kind of man”  -It shows how Christmas despises not just women, but everything and anything that’s womanly “She ought not to started praying over me”  -The use of repetition shows his style of trying to relate to a reader the characters true emotions. This quote also shows the theme of religion and how he despises it so. “Something is going to happen. Something is going to happen to me”  -The forth quote shows foreshadowing in the story and expands a readers view of Christmas

29. Ch 5: Themes • Race & class:  this chapter as it shows Brown calling Christmas the N word and saying essentially that he can’t hurt Brown because he’s part black. The way Christmas treats the black people on the road also comments on how he even feels a higher class then these people. • Religion is touched on as a theme in this chapter as he continually curses the fact the he was prayed for. • Gender is evident as he comments on women being less then man, saying even horses are better because they are manlier. He screams at the women who drives by and sees him naked and yells that she’s not the first of her kind to see him, this shows that he disrespects women because he stood there and let her see him and then didn’t even try to leave when he knew she saw him.

30. We learn that Brown is controlled, abused by Christmas .We learn that Christmas is scared of relationships, he is afraid of being loved. He has a strong dislike of females or anything women like. We learn that Christmas is part African-American. It seems in this chapter that Christmas is driven by hysteria. He has a past that is obviously bothering him throughout the chapter and causing him to act crazy. He also has a strong dislike for being prayed over or being related to religion. These things help display Christmas’s struggle to find an identity and acceptance. • In this chapter we are able to confirm that Christmas and Brown do live together and do run rum as a job. We also confirm that Christmas is part black. The plot thickens as we learn that Christmas seems to be going mad, and is an abusive person who explodes when angered. Christmas also expresses his anger toward Miss Burden.

31. Ch 5: POV & Style Style: He also makes the characters' important thoughts evident by italicizing them. He chooses to make time pass extremely quickly to relate the way that Christmas is thinking.  He makes a comment of the social structure with Christmas in this chapter as he is halfway between white and black so he cannot fit in, showing the distance between the two groups POV: This chapter is told in the 3rd person omnificent view and through that of Joe Christmas

32. Chapter 6: Quotes "Memory believes before knowing remembers. Believes longer than recollects, longer than knowing even wonders."  This quote opens chapter 6, and reflects on a heavy theme throughout the novel: the past and our memory of it. Faulkner uses this chapter to reflect on a memory Joe Christmas has that helps the reader attempt to understand Joe as a character. Why he is the way he is, and what causes him to make the decisions he does can be shown through this story and how his childhood was as a whole. Faulkner's use of memories and addressing the past provide insight into what is happening in the story in the present. "In the quiet and empty corridor, during the quiet hour of early afternoon, he was like a shadow, small even for five years, sober and quiet as a shadow."  The quote found in the second paragraph of chapter 6, is referring to Joe Christmas as a little boy. Through Faulkner's language, he is able to comment upon the theme of isolation. Words like 'quiet,' 'shadow,' 'empty,' in describing the scene, the reader infers that Joe was alone even as a little boy. Different characters throughout the book are isolated from society, and Joe's story in chapter 6 shows he is not an exception to the theme.

33. This photo is representing the part of the chapter in which Christmas wonders if God loves him just as he had seen it on a billboard sign, like the one shown above

34. Ch 6: Plot & Character Development This nostalgic chapter sets up the events that take place in regards to Joe for the rest of the book. The plot doesn't develop due to the backtracking of time, but rather the character of Joe develops.  Chapter 6 allows a closer look at who Joe is and what motivated his personality as he has grown. This important chapter justifies his actions in a way due to him being an orphan and being isolated and poorly treated.

35. Ch 6: Point of View Chapter 6 is told from a point of view of third person limited. Faulkner allows the reader to see the different aspects of the situation, and we are able to see what the characters reactions to the events are. The narrator does not tell us however what any of the characters thought process is completely, and there are still some things left to be determined or infer.

36. Chapter 7 Setting- - The McEachern's farm Important Characters-             -Joe Christmas- young, naïve, distrusting of women, stubborn (at this time 17 or 18)                                              -Mr. McEachern- devout, strict, reliable                 -Mrs. McEachern- loving, motherly, submissive Important Events- -Whipped because he can’t remember the catechisms -Refuses the food from Mrs. McEachern, eats it off the floor “like a dog” -Joe beats the young, negro woman in the shed -Mr. McEachern finds the suit hidden in the barn that Joe bought by selling his calf -Mrs. McEachern tells her husband that she paid for the suit to help Joe -Flashback to when Joe was first adopted §Mrs. McEachern washes his feet and puts him to bed

37. Ch 7: Quotes - “On this day I became a man.” (page 146) - “…and above the outraged food kneeling, with his hands ate, like a savage, like a dog” (page 155) - “Kneel down, woman. Ask grace and pardon of God; not of me.” (page 165) - “It was the woman: the soft kindness which he believed himself doomed to be forever victim of and which he hated worse that he did the hard and ruthless justice of men.” (page 169) Important Themes- -punishment, consequences ( Joe’s whippings) -the inferiority and submissiveness of women (Mrs. McEachern being ignored by her husband and Joe) -The presence of v. lack of a motherly figure ( foot washing scene)

38. Chapter 8: Summary & Development Chapter 8 focuses on Joe and his painful past. The chapter shows, through his memory, how Joe was made cold and bleak. Also, this chapter introduces Joe’s lack of morals.  Joe:  -escapes through his window and puts on his suit in the barn -avoids town because he is sexually attracted to the waitress.  -devotes himself to hard work & earns a calf, which he sells to buy a suit to impress Bobbie -But his difficulty with women and menstruation causes him to abuse her -The next time he goes to see her, he sees Bobbie entertaining another man and goes into a jealous rage, hitting and insulting her.

39. Ch 8: Quotes “He found the flock in a hidden valley and stalked and killed one with the gun. Then he knelt, his hands in the yet warm blood of the dying beast, trembling, dry-mouthed, backglaring. Then he got over it, recovered. He did not forget what the boy had told him. He just accepted it. He found that he could live with it, side by side with it.” Pg 185- 186 This quote further solidifies Joe as a Christ figure, sacrificing the lamb. The killing of the lamb is his way of showing his faith in God and to cleanse himself of the knowledge of sin. In this case, Joe’s sin is his relationship with Bobbie.  Redemption was achieved when he washed his hands in the blood of the lamb. In Joe’s mind, he has saved himself from life. He also learns that he can live “side by side” with women’s menstruation. “… and the waitress with her demure and downlooking face and her big, too big, hands setting the plates and cups, her head rising from beyond the counter at about the height of a tall child.” This quote is describing Bobbie, the waitress. Not only is Bobbie’s name masculine, but so are her hands. Joe does not associate with girls or women. This is seen in the fact that he does not form a real relationship with his stepmother and only associates girls with church, seen in the quote “He saw girls only at church, on Sunday. They were associated with Sunday and with church. So he could not notice them.”  Therefore, the fact that Bobbie has masculine attributes comforts Joe. This is why Joe eventually falls in love with her. This also may be why Joe continually beats her. He does not see Bobbie as a woman, but as a man to fight with when he/she has wronged Joe. However, there is another view that Joe is misogynistic and that is why he avoids relationships with women and beats Bobbie.

40. Ch 8: Themes & Symbols Urns- Urns represent the shape of women, and more specifically Lena. With her belly swollen from her pregnancy, her shape can be described as urn-like. Memory- for Joe in this chapter, memory is dominated by shame, pain, and humiliation. Also, it is his experiences and his memory of those experiences that shaped him into the man he became, cold and inhuman.

41. Ch 8: Character Development Chapter 8 focuses on Joe and his painful past. The chapter shows, through his memory, how Joe was made cold and bleak. Also, this chapter introduces Joe’s lack of moral. He begins a sexual relationship, begins to steal, and receives his first taste of alcohol.

42. Chapter 9: Summary & Development • Major Events • McEachern discovers that Joe has been sneaking out of the house and follows him. • Joe hits McEachern over the head with a chair and kills him • Joe proposes to Bobbie but she declines in an angry manner • ~Plot Development~ • The plot is changing at this point. Bobbie is against Joe and McEachern is now dead. Joe is being mistreated for his black blood. • ~Character Development~ • Joe learns more about women and about how they can’t fully be relied on. Bobbie displays a side of herself that hasn’t yet been seen before. The blonde woman shows a new side of her personality as she stands up for Joe when he’s receiving the beating saying “I said that will do” trying to stop them from doing further harm.

43. Ch 9: Quotes “Then to Joe it all rushed away, roaring, dying, leaving him in the center of the floor, the shattered chair clutched in his hand, looking down at his adopted father.” pg 205 -This quote shows Joe’s past and his life at his foster family’s home coming to an end. The man who has governed over his every move is now dead and Joe is set free.This quote shows the details that Faulkner ass in his writings by using words such as roaring to help add the dramatic feeling of the scene. “ Why I committed murder for her. I even stole for her.” -This quote shows Joe’s thoughts about how the relationship with Bobbie has ended. He feels defeated and like he has been misused because he feels he did so much for Bobbie for her to turn on him. Faulkner’s style is shown in this quote through his stream of consciousness style of writing, and being able to portray the conscious and unconscious thoughts of his characters.

44. Ch 9: Themes & POV • The destruction of the past- One of the themes in this chapter could be how the past and the events that were in the past can cause damaging actions in the future such as the death of McEachern. • Another theme could be the evil of women. In Joe’s eyes he has placed much of his life in being with Bobbie then he asks her to marry him and she rejects in an angered and rude manner showing Joe that he can’t even count on the one whom he believed loved him back. • PoV: The point of view in this chapter is 3rd person omniscient. This is because its’ an outside voice telling the story but also gives insight on the character’s thoughts both conscious and unconscious as well as direct quotes from them.

45. Joe Christmas’ heart

46. The chapter starts of describing Joe Christmas and his surroundings as he is slowly waking up from his beating. The italicized words in the beginning of this chapter represent the conversations those around him are having as he is waking up.  After completely waking up, Joe begins his long journey throughout the United States. The book specifically mentions from Chicago, Detroit, Missouri, Oklahoma, Mississippi and Mexico.  Throughout his journey, he avoids paying prostitutes by not telling them he’s black; however, he stops doing this after a woman doesn’t care whether or not he is black.  After stopping at Jefferson, he finds out about Miss Burden’s property through a young local boy. He decides to move into the abandoned cabin, and one day he sneaks into Miss Burden’s house in order to steal some food. Miss Burden walks in, and allows him to eat the food. Chapter 10: Summary

47. Ch 10: Quotes “Like the cat, he also seemed to see in the darkness as he moved as unerringly toward the food which he wanted as if he knew where it would be; that, or were being manipulated by an agent which did know. He ate something from an invisible dish, with invisible fingers: invisible food. He did not care what it would be. He did not know that he had even wondered or tasted until his jaw stopped suddenly in mid-chewing and thinking fled for twenty-five years back down the street, past all the imperceptible corners of bitter defeats and more bitter victories, and five miles even beyond a corner where he used to wait in the terrible early time of love, for someone whose name he had forgot.”

48. Ch 10: Themes Lost, curious, searching: -Throughout this chapter, Joe Christmas is accepted and rejected by blacks and whites. This leads to confusion for Christmas, who does not know what he is, and now does not know where his place in society is. 

49. Chapter 11: Significant Quotes “Remember this. Your grandfather and brother are lying there, murdered not by one white man but by the curse which God put on a whole race before your grandfather or your brother or me or you were even thought of. A race doomed and cursed to be forever and ever a part of the white race’s doom and curse for its sins.” (Page 252) Joanna’s statement about blacks shows an insight into how poorly they were treated and adds Faulkner’s negative comments about racism. “You must struggle, rise. But in order to rise, you must raise the shadow with you. But you can never lift it to your level. … But escape it you cannot. The curse of the black race is God’s curse. But the curse of the white race is the black man who will be forever God’s chosen own because He once cursed him.” (Page 253) To Joanna, the only way to remove the curse of being black is to become a better member of society, and you have to acknowledge your own skin color [curse].

50. Ch 11: Themes & POV Themes: Christmas is still unable to interact appropriately with women, and his forceful relationship with Joanna is yet another example of this. However, through their shared race (black), they are able to have some sort of minute connection. POV: This chapter is told from a third-person limited point of view, and focuses on Christmas and Joanna and their relationship.