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Energy Storage on the Grid: Informing Future Development. Eric Hittinger Advisors: Jay Whitacre, Jay Apt Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University. This study examines four energy storage technologies and four applications. Energy Storage Technologies:
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Energy Storage on the Grid: Informing Future Development Eric Hittinger Advisors: Jay Whitacre, Jay Apt Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University
This study examines four energy storage technologies and four applications • Energy Storage Technologies: • NaS Batteries • Li-Ion Batteries • Flywheels • Supercapacitors • Applications: • Frequency regulation provided by energy storage • Peak shaving using energy storage • Wind Integration (Baseload) • Wind Integration (Load-following)
A Co-located wind/natural gas turbine/energy storage system can deliver “baseload” power Wind Power vs. Time 100 MW Natural Gas Turbine Wind Generation Curtailment Wind + Gas Power vs. Time Charge/ Maintain Energy Wind + Gas + Battery Power vs. Time Sodium Sulfur (NaS) Battery “Flat Power” Output (within deadband)
Energy storage is used only to smooth the sharpest wind fluctuations Output After Battery “Smoothing” Wind Farm Output
Sensitivity plot for “Regulation” application using flywheels
Capital cost improvements are still valuable even after current technology targets have been met Existing Targets • US DOE’s Energy Storage Program: $250/kWh • American Electric Power: $500/kWh • ARPA-E GRIDS Program: $100/kWh Using $250/kWh:
Research Conclusions The relative importance of storage properties depends on storage type and application… …but certain properties, particularly capital cost, are consistently more valuable to improve. These results can help inform: • Energy Storage Development • Research Funding • Energy Storage Technology Targets
Questions! Support for this research has been provided by the EPA STAR Fellowship, the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the Department of Energy, and the Electric Power Research Institute under grants to the Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center (CEIC).
In the Wind/Natural Gas/Storage systems, storage is used for intermittent sharp spikes 100 MW Gas Turbine 67 MW Wind Farm 0.7 MWh Battery 100 MW Target Power Output Wind Natural Gas Storage
The “load-following” application is very similar to the “baseload” application Wind Power vs. Time 100 MW Natural Gas Turbine Wind Generation Curtailment Wind + Gas Power vs. Time Charge/ Maintain Energy Wind + Gas + Battery Power vs. Time Sodium Sulfur (NaS) Battery “Flat Power” Output (within deadband)