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Contextualization and Methodology: 30 Years of Cognitive Linguistics (and Beyond)

Contextualization and Methodology: 30 Years of Cognitive Linguistics (and Beyond). Dirk Geeraerts. University of Leuven RU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics. Questions. questions for the end of an anniversary conference:

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Contextualization and Methodology: 30 Years of Cognitive Linguistics (and Beyond)

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  1. Contextualization and Methodology: 30 Years of Cognitive Linguistics(and Beyond) Dirk Geeraerts University of LeuvenRU Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics

  2. Questions questions for the end of an anniversary conference: • is there a unifying factor behind the development of Cognitive Linguistics ? • if so, in which direction could Cognitive Linguistics develop in the future ? ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  3. Approach • present a brief overview of the history of Cognitive Linguistics • situate CL in the context of the history of linguistics, and thus identify major underlying trends in the development of CL • draw methodological and theoretical conclusions from that analysis • illustrate those conclusions ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  4. TOC Step I. Thirty Years of Cognitive Linguistics Step II. The Wider Context Step III. Cognitive Linguistics as a Recontextualizing Approach Step IV. Methodological Consequences Step V. An Illustration Overall Conclusion ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  5. Step IThirty Years of Cognitive Linguistics ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  6. Thirty years of CL three landmarks in the history of CL ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  7. Thirty years of CL three landmarks in the history of CL • 1975-1977the early beginnings:Talmy 1975 on figure/groundLangacker 1976 on Cognitive GrammarLakoff 1977 on ‘gestalt’ models ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  8. Thirty years of CL three landmarks in the history of CL • 1987-1989entering the international scene:1987 Langacker: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar1987 Lakoff: Women, Fire & Dangerous Things1988 Rudzka-Ostyn (ed.), Topics in CL1989 1st Intl Cognitive Linguistics Conference1989 launching Cognitive Linguistics, the journal ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  9. Thirty years of CL three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  10. Thirty years of CL Spain 1998, Finland 2001, Poland 2001, Russia 2004, Germany 2005, France 2005, Japan 2005, Korea 2005, UK 2006, China 2006 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  11. Thirty years of CL Ungerer & Schmid 1996 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  12. Thirty years of CL Dirven & Verspoor 1998 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  13. Thirty years of CL Violi 2001 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  14. Thirty years of CL Croft & Cruse 2004 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  15. Thirty years of CL Evans & Green 2006 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  16. Thirty years of CL Geeraerts 2006 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  17. Thirty years of CL Kristiansen et al. 2006 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  18. Thirty years of CL Geeraerts & Cuyckens 2007 three landmarks in the history of CL • from 1996-1998 oninternational consolidation:publication of textbooks and reference worksfoundation of national ICLA affiliates ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  19. Thirty years of CL simplifying in three decades: • 1977-1987: the pioneering stage • 1987-1997: the expansion stage • 1997-2007: the consolidation stage ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  20. Thirty years of CL simplifying in three decades: • 1977-1987: the pioneering stage • 1987-1997: the expansion stage • 1997-2007: the consolidation stage  what are the theoretical developments accompanying this sociological expansion ? ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  21. Step IIThe Wider Context ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  22. Overview an overview of the development of linguistic theory in the 20th century: • decontextualization • initial reactions • recontextualization claim: CL epitomizes the recontextualizing tendency ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  23. Saussurean Grammar • langue:a social system a collective set of coded conventions • parole:an individual, psychological activity a set of combinations from the code ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  24. Saussurean Grammar • a missing link:where is the locus of an individual's knowledge of the social system ?what is the bridge between the social code and the individual activity ?graphically: ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  25. Saussurean Grammar langue parole socialsystem individualactivity ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  26. Saussurean Grammar langue parole socialsystem individualsystem individualactivity ? ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  27. Chomskyan Grammar • competence:filling in the gap an individual's knowledge of the language • but creating a new hiatus:the social nature of the system remains out of sightagain a binary instead of a ternary division ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  28. Chomskyan Grammar langue parole socialsystem individualsystem individualactivity ? competence performance ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  29. Chomskyan Grammar consequences of the Chomskyan position: • where does the individual knowledge of the language come from ? if the source of linguistic knowledge is not social, what is it ?⇨ innateness, a genetic conception of language • hence: a stepping-stone development,leading by an internal logic to an isolation of grammar: ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  30. if it cannot be social, it has to be genetic ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  31. if it cannot be social, it has to be genetic if it is genetic, it cannot be semantic or lexical ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  32. if it cannot be social, it has to be genetic if it is genetic, it cannot be semantic or lexical if it cannot be semantic or lexical, it's about formal rule systems ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  33. if it cannot be social, it has to be genetic if it is genetic, it cannot be semantic or lexical if it cannot be semantic or lexical, it's about formal rule systems if it's about formal rule systems, the application of the rules is trivial ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  34. Chomskyan Grammar social code GRAMMAR performance ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  35. Chomskyan Grammar social code GRAMMAR performance ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  36. Chomskyan Grammar social code performance GRAMMAR ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  37. Chomskyan Grammar social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  38. Chomskyan Grammar in other words: a restrictive strategy that separates the autonomous grammatical module from different forms of context: • the social context • the discursive context of actual language use • the cognitive context of meaning and experience ↳ decontextualisation ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  39. Initial reactions • 1960-1980: • the discarded aspects of language are developed separately, as disciplines more or less independent from theoretical grammar ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  40. Initial reactions social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  41. socio-linguistics Initial reactions social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  42. socio-linguistics Initial reactions • Labov1972, Sociolinguistic PatternsHaugen1966, Language Conflict and Language PlanningWeinreich, Labov & Herzog1968, "Empirical foundations for a theory of language change"Gumperz & Dell Hymes(eds.) 1972, Directions in Sociolinguistics: the Ethnography of Speaking social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  43. socio-linguistics Initial reactions social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  44. socio-linguistics pragmatics Initial reactions social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  45. socio-linguistics pragmatics Initial reactions • Grice1975, "Logic and conversation"Stalnaker1974, "Pragmatic presuppositions"Gazdar1979, Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition and Logical FormCoulthard1977, An Introduction to Discourse AnalysisGumperz1982, Discourse StrategiesBrown & Yule1983, Discourse AnalysisTannen 1984, Conversational Style social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  46. socio-linguistics pragmatics Initial reactions social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  47. socio-linguistics pragmatics formal semantics Initial reactions social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  48. socio-linguistics pragmatics formal semantics Initial reactions Montague 1974, Formal PhilosophyDowty 1979, Word Meaning and Montague GrammarPartee 1979, "Semantics: mathematics or psychology ?" social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  49. socio-linguistics pragmatics formal semantics Initial reactions social code performance GRAMMAR meaning/lexicon ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

  50. Contemporary trends general (or at least growing) tendencydissatisfaction with the modular view of linguistics,in favor of an integrated approach:the peripheral aspects that were being developed largely separately and autonomously, are being linked up more narrowly with the grammar itself (which can then no longer be autonomous) ICLC X. Kraków 20.07.2007

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