The Revolutionary War: Parts 2 and 3

1. The Revolutionary War: Parts 2 and 3

2. II. Middle Campaign • Occurred between 1776-1778 • American Objectives: Show superiority to British Army in a head-on battle AND to gain open French support. • British Objectives: To crush the Continental Army AND to cut off New England from the other states.

4. II. Middle Campaign • After leaving Boston in 1776, the British seized Long Island from the meager amount of American soldiers. • Washington came to help, but was soundly beaten by General Howe and the British.

5. II. Middle Campaign • What was the British Commander, General Howe’s, catastrophic blunder during this battle?

6. II. Middle Campaign • American Morale plummets • The Americans took refuge near New Jersey. • Many of the soldiers wanted to give up, so Washington wanted to do something that would raise morale. • What is meant by morale?

8. II. Middle Campaign • Battles of Trenton and Princeton • At midnight, the Patriots crossed the river Delaware, surprised the drunken Hessians and won complete victories at both Trenton and Princeton.

10. II. Middle Campaign • The British Plan • However, the British were far from beaten. • General Burgoyne was leading a massive army southwards through Canada to New York. • What are some of the problems that plague this maneuver?

11. II. Middle Campaign • The Battle of Saratoga • The British army fought the American Army at Saratoga Springs, New York. • Losing Saratoga was devastating to the British. • Not only did they lose a great army, but what else?

12. II. Middle Campaign • The Battle of Saratoga • The French Alliance was absolutely critical to American success. Why? • Why did the French want to help the United States?

13. II. Middle Campaign • The Winter of 1776-1777 • Instead of saving Burgoyne, the other British General, Howe, seized Philadelphia, so that he could spend a comfortable winter there. • Washington’s army camped near Philadelphia at Valley Forge.

14. II. Middle Campaign • Valley Forge • Even though no battle was fought at Valley Forge, some call it Washington’s greatest victory. • Why?

15. II. The Middle Campaign

17. III. The Southern Campaign • From 1778-1783 • The British took the war south, hoping to use the larger Tory numbers there to their advantage. • American Objective: To force the wearying British Empire to give up. • British Objective: To make the equally weary Americans give up because of the overwhelming bloodshed.

18. III. The Southern Campaign • Besides the British seizure of Charleston, there are few key battles between the Americans and British, but many small and bloody ones. • More importantly, Patriots and Loyalists fought each other in an even bloodier fashion. (See source)

20. III. The Southern Campaign • Finally, in 1781, General Cornwallis, the commander of the Southern British army, fell into trap. • By allowing his forces to become trapped by the French fleet and the American-Franco Army at Yorktown, he lost Britain’s greatest hope of winning the war.

22. III. The Southern Campaign • “The World Turned Upside Down” • If buttercups buzz'd after the bee,If boats were on land, churches on sea,If ponies rode men and if grass ate the cows,And cats should be chased into holes by the mouse,If the mamas sold their babiesTo the gypsies for half a crown;If summer were spring and the other way round,Then all the world would be upside down.

23. IV. Treaty of Paris • What were the terms of the peace of Paris in 1783?

24. IV. Treaty of Paris • Acknowledging the 13 colonies to be free, sovereign and independent States • Establishing the boundaries between the United States and British North America • The Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands "provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects [Loyalists]"; • Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released