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Underwater Neutrino Telescopes

Dive into the world of underwater neutrino telescopes, exploring current projects, future advancements like KM3NeT, and potential sources of cosmic neutrinos. Discover their sensitivity, fields of view, and capabilities in detecting dark matter and extragalactic sources.

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Underwater Neutrino Telescopes

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  1. Neutrino Oscillation Workshop 2008 (NOW 2008)Conca Specchiulla / Otranto, Italy, 6-13 Sept. 2008 Underwater Neutrino Telescopes Introduction A few words on physics Current projects The future: KM3NeT Uli Katz ECAP / Univ. Erlangen 11.09.2008

  2. The Neutrino Telescope World Map ANTARES + NEMO + NESTORjoin their efforts to preparea km3-sized neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean SeaKM3NeT NEMO U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  3. Astro- and Particle Physics with n Telescopes High-energy limit: • neutrino flux decreases like E–n (n ≈ 2) • large detectionvolume needed. Low-energy limit: • detector sensitivity • background U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  4. Fields of View: South Pole vs. Mediterranean 2p downward sensitivity assumed Located inMediterranean  visibilityof givensource canbe limitedto less than 24h per day > 25% > 75% U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  5. Potential Galactic Neutrino Sources • The accelerators of cosmic rays • Supernova remnants • Pulsar wind nebulae • Micro-quasars • … • Interaction of cosmic rays with interstellar matter • Possibly strong n signal if CR spectrum harder in Galactic Centre than on Earth (supported by recent MILAGRO results) • Unknown sources – what are the H.E.S.S.”TeV gamma only” objects? U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  6. Example: SNR RX J1713.7-3946(shell-type supernova remnant) H.E.S.S. : Eg=200 GeV – 40 TeV • Accelerationbeyond 100 TeV. • Power-law energyspectrum, index ~2.1–2.2. W. Hofmann, ICRC 2005 Neutrinos from Supernova Remnants • Spectrum points to hadron acceleration  n flux ~ g flux • Typical n energies: few TeV U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  7. n Flux Predictions from g Measurements • Kappes et al., astro-ph 0607286 Vela X (PWN) Note: hadronic nature of Vela X not clear! measured-ray flux (H.E.S.S.) mean atm. flux(Volkova, 1980, Sov.J.Nucl.Phys., 31(6), 784) expected neutrino flux –in reach for KM3NeT 1  error bands include systematic errors (20% norm., 10% index & cut-off) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  8. Potential Extragalactic Neutrino Sources • AGNs • Models are rather diverse and uncertain • The recent Auger results may provide an upper limit / a normalisation point at UHE • Note : At about 100 TeV the neutrino telescope field of view is restricted downwards (n absorption), but sensitivity starts to be significant upwards. • Gamma ray bursts • Unique signature: Coincidence with gamma observation in time and direction • Source stacking possible U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  9. Point Source Sensitivity from KM3NeT CDR • Based on muon detection • Why factor ~3 more sensitive than IceCube? • larger photo-cathode area • better direction resolution • Study still needs refinements U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  10. Diffuse Fluxes • Assuming E-2neutrino energy spectrum • Only muonsstudied • Energy reconstruction not yet included from KM3NeT CDR U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  11. Dark Matter Sensitivity from KM3NeT CDR • Scan mSUGRAparameter spaceand calculateneutrino flux foreach point • Focus on pointscompatible withWMAP data • Detectability: • Blue: ANTARES • Green: KM3NeT • Red: None of them U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  12. The Baikal Experiment In Lake Baikal, Siberia Deployment and maintenancefrom frozen lake surface Several development stages,first data 1993 1998-2003: NT200(8 strings, 192 OMs, 105m3) Since 2005: NT200+(4 additional “far strings”,12 OMs each) R&D for future large-volume instrument (sparse instrumentation, threshold 10-30 TeV) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  13. ETHR 15-20 GeV Baikal Results • Many physics results • NT200: 372 neutrino candidates in 1038 days (MC: 385 expectedfrom atmospheric neutrinos) • Limits on • point sources (GRBs) • diffuse flux (µ’s, cascades) • WIMP annihilation in Earth • magnetic monopoles • … U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  14. ANTARES: Detector Design • String-based detector; • Underwater connectionsby deep-sea submersible; • Downward-lookingphotomultipliers (PMs),axis at 45O to vertical; • 2500 m deep; • First deep-sea neutrino telescope in operation! 25 storeys, 348 m 14.5m 100 m Junction Box For more details seeEleonora Presani‘s talk on Sunday ~70 m U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  15. ANTARES Construction Milestones 2001 – 2003: • Main Electro-optical cable in 2001 • Junction Box in 2002 • Prototype Sector Line (PSL) & Mini Instrumentation Line (MIL) in 2003 2005 – April 2007: • Mini Instrumentation Line with OMs (MILOM) operated ~4 months in 2005 • Lines 1-5 running (connected between March 2006 and Jan. 2007) • Lines 6+7 deployed March/April 2007 2007 – now: • Deployment / connection of remaining lines completed in May 2008 • Replacement of MILOM by full instrumentation line (IL) • Physics with full detector ! U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  16. ANTARES: First Detector line installed … 14. Feb. 2006 U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  17. … and connected by ROV Victor! 2. March 2006(ROV = Remotely operated submersible) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  18. ANTARES: Calibration and Data Taking • Position reconstruction with acoustic triangulation, direction and tilt measurements Accuracy ~10cm • Timing resolution:– 0.5ns from electronics/calibration– 1.3ns transit time spread (PMs)– 2.0ns chromatic dispersion/ scattering in water • Angular resolution for µ’s: 0.2°-0.3° • Data taking: – 2 x 107 µ triggers in 2007 (5 lines)– 10- and 12-line data being analysed– break in July/August 2008 (cable problem, meanwhile repaired) Junction Box U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  19. ANTARES: Atmospheric µ Flux • Rate of atmospheric µ’s per storey depth dependence of µ flux • Good agreement of ANTARES data with simulation • Provides major cross-check of detector calibration and online filter efficiency U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes M. Circella – Status of ANTARES VLVnT08 19

  20. ANTARES: Atmospheric neutrinos down going up going Preliminary Neutrino candidates ~5106 triggers (Feb.-May 2007, 5 lines) Reconstruction tuned for upgoing tracks Rate of downward tracks: ~ 0.1 Hz Rate of neutrino candidates: ~ 1.4 events/day Reconstructed events from data MC Muons (dashed: true; solid: reconstr.) MC neutrinos (dashed: true; solid: reconstr.) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes M. Circella – Status of ANTARES VLVnT08 20

  21. NESTOR: Rigid Structures Forming Towers Vision: Tower(s) with12 floors →32 m diameter →30 m between floors →144 PMs per tower • Tower based detector(titanium structures). • Dry connections(recover − connect − redeploy). • Up- and downward looking PMs (15’’). • 4000-5200 m deep. • Test floor (reduced size) deployed & operated in 2003. • Deployment of 4 floors planned in 2009 U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  22. NESTOR: Measurement of the Muon Flux NESTOR Coll., G Aggouras et al, Astropart. Phys. 23 (2005) 377 Atmospheric muon flux determination and parameterisation by Muon intensity (cm-2s-1sr-1) • = 4.7  0.5(stat.)  0.2(syst.) I0 = 9.0  0.7(stat.)  0.4(syst.) x 10-9 cm-2 s-1 sr-1 (754 events) Results agree nicelywith previous measurements and with simulations. Zenith Angle (degrees) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  23. NESTOR: The Delta-Berenike Platform A dedicated deployment platform In the final stage of construction Can be important asset for KM3NeT deployment U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  24. The NEMO Project • Extensive site exploration(Capo Passero near Catania, depth 3500 m); • R&D towards km3: architecture, mechanical structures, readout, electronics, cables ...; • Simulation. Example: Flexible tower • 16 arms per tower, 20 m arm length,arms 40 m apart; • 64 PMs per tower; • Underwater connections; • Up- and downward-looking PMs. U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  25. Geoseismic station SN-1 (INGV) Shore station 5 km e.o. cable 21 km e.o. Cable with single steel shield J J BU J 2.5 km e.o. Cable with double steel shield 5 km e.o. cable January 2005: Deployment of • 2 cable termination frames(validation of deep-sea wet-mateable connections) • acoustic detection system(OnDE). • 10 optical fibres standard ITU- T G-652 • 6 electrical conductors  4 mm2 NEMO Phase I: First steps • Test site at 2000 m depth operational. • Funding ok. U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  26. NEMO Phase-1: Current Status Nov. 2006: Deployment of JB and mini-tower DeployedJanuary 2005 Junction Box (JB) NEMO mini-tower (4 floors, 16 OM) 300 m TSS Frame Mini-tower, unfurled Mini-tower, compacted 15 m U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  27. NEMO: Phase-1 Results • Successful deploymentand system test, all components functional • Data being analysed(example: muon angular distribution) • Some problems: • Missing buoyancy (tower “laying down”)traced back to buoy production error • Junction Box: Incident at deployment, data transmission problem after some weeks, short after ~5 months  recovery & analysis some redesign for Phase-2 U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  28. NEMO: Phase-2 • Objective: Operation of full NEMO tower (16 floors) and Junction Box at 3400 m depth (Capo Passero site) • Some design modifications (cabling, calibration, power system, bar length 15 m  12 m, …) • Infrastructure: • Shore station in Portopalo di Capo Passero ( under renovation) • Shore power system (  under construction) • 100 km main electro-optical cable (50 kW, 20 fibres) ( laid) • cable termination frame with DC/DC converter (Alcatel)( some problems, installation expected Oct. 2008) • Full installation by end 2008 U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  29. What is KM3NeT – the Vision • Future cubic-kilometre sized neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea • Exceeds Northern-hemisphere telescopes by factor ~50 in sensitivity • Exceeds IceCube sensitivity by substantial factor • Focus of scientific interest: Neutrino astronomy in the energy range 1 to 100 TeV • Platform for deep-sea research (marine sciences) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  30. KM3NeT: From the Idea to a Concept 11/2002 4/2008 3/2008 2/2006 9/2006 9/2005 3/2004 First consultations of ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR KM3NeT on ESFRI Roadmap Begin of KM3NeT Preparatory Phase Design Study proposal submitted KM3NeT on ESFRI List of Opportunities The KM3NeT Conceptual Design Report Begin of Design Study U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  31. The KM3NeT Conceptual Design Report • Presented to public atVLVnT0 workshop in Toulon, April 2008 • Summarises (a.o.) • Physics case • Generic requirements • Pilot projects • Site studies • Technical implementation • Development plan • Project implementation available on www.km3net.org U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  32. KM3NeT Design Goals • Lifetime > 10 years without major maintenance, construction and deployment < 4 years • Some technical specifications: • time resolution 2 ns • position of OMs to better than 40 cm accuracy • two-hit separation < 25 ns • false coincidences dominated by marine background • coincidence acceptance > 50% • PM dark rate < 20% of 40K rate U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  33. Technical Implementation • Photo-sensors and optical modules • Data acquisition, information technology and electronics • Mechanical structures • Deep-sea infrastructure • Deployment • Calibration • Associated science infrastructure U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  34. Optical Modules: Standard or Directional • A standard optical module, as used in ANTARES • Typically a 10’’ PMT in a 17’’ glass sphere • A segmented anode and a mirror system allow for directional resolution • First prototypes produced U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  35. … or Many Small Photomultipliers … • Basic idea: Use up to 30 small (3’’ or 3.5’’) PMTs in standard sphere • Advantages: • increased photocathode area • improved 1-vs-2 photo- electron separation  better sensitivity to coincidences • directionality • Prototype arrangements under study U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  36. Quasar 370 (Baikal) … or Hybrid Solutions • Idea: Use high voltage (~20kV) and send photo electrons on scintillator;detect scintillator light with small standard PMT. • Advantages: • Very good photo-electron counting, high quantum eff. • large angular sensitivity possible • Prototype development in CERN/Photonis/CPPM collaboration U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  37. Photocathode News • New photocathode developments by two companies (Hamamatsu, Photonis) • Factor 2 in quantum efficiency  factor 2 in effective photocathode area! • Major gain in neutrino telescope sensitivity! Hamamatsu Photonis U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  38. Configuration Studies • Various geometries and OM configurations have been studied • None is optimal for all energies and directions • Local coincidence requirement poses important constraints on OM pattern U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  39. The KM3NeT Reference Detector • Sensitivity studies with a common detector layout • Geometry: • 15 x 15 vertical detection units on rectangular grid,horizontal distances 95 m • each carries 37 OMs, vertical distances 15.5 m • each OM with21 3’’ PMTs Effective area of reference detector This is NOT the final KM3NeT design! U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  40. The Associated Science Installation • Associated sciencedevices will be installed at variousdistances aroundneutrino telescope • Issues: • interfaces • operation withoutmutual interference • stability of operationand data sharing • Synergy effects U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  41. Timeline Towards Construction Note: “Construction” includes the final prototyping stage U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  42. Summary • Neutrinos would (and will) provide very valuable astrophysical information, complementary to photons and charged cosmic rays • The first generation of deep-sea/lake neutrino telescopes has provided the proof of feasibility of underwater neutrino astronomy and yields exciting data • Exploiting the potential of neutrino astronomy requires cubic-kilometre scale neutrino telescopes providing full sky coverage • The KM3NeT detector in the Mediterranean Sea will complement IceCube in its field of view and exceed its sensitivity by a substantial factor U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  43. How Do Neutrino Telescopes Work ? • Upward-going neutrinos interact in rock or sea/lake water. • Emerging charged particles (in particular muons) produce Cherenkov light in water. • Detection by array of photomultipliers. • Focus of scientific interest: Neutrino astronomy in the energy range 1 to 100 TeV. U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  44. protons E>1019 eV (100 Mpc) neutrinos gammas (0.01 - 1 Mpc) protons E<1019 eV Particle Propagation in the Universe Cosmic accelerator 1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 light years (ly) Photons: absorbed on dust and radiation; Protons/nuclei: deviated by magnetic fields, reactions with radiation (CMB) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  45. Another Case: SNR RXJ1713.7-3946 • Good candidate for hadronic acceleration. • Expected signal well related to measured g flux, but depends on energy cutoff. • Few events/year over similar back-ground (1km3). • KM3NeT sensitivity in the right ballpark! • Kappes et al., astro-ph 0607286 U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  46. A Downward µ in ANTARES Trigger hit Other hit + Used in fit U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes M. Circella – Status of ANTARES VLVnT08 46

  47. ANTARES Event Display upward Characteristic pattern in height-time diagram,depends on zenith angle and point of closest approach between detection line and µ trajectory downward (background) U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes M. Circella – Status of ANTARES 47

  48. ANTARES: The First Neutrino with 10 Strings Preliminary U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes M. Circella – Status of ANTARES VLVnT08 48

  49. NESTOR Coll., G Aggouras et al, Nucl. Inst. Meth, A552 (2005) 420 measured rates MC simulation MC, atm. muons Threshold 30mV NESTOR: Data from the Deep Sea Trigger rates agree with simulation including background light. For 5-fold and higher coincidences, the trigger rate is dominated by atmospheric muons. U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

  50. Mechanical Structures • Extended tower structure:like NESTOR, arm length up to 60 m • Flexible tower structure: like NEMO, tower deployed in compactified “package” and unfurls thereafter • String structure: Compactified at deployment, unfolding on sea bed • Cable based concept: one (large) OM per storey, separate mechanical and electro-optical function of cable, compactified deployment U. Katz: Underwater neutrino telescopes

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