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College Algebra Sixth Edition James Stewart  Lothar Redlin  Saleem Watson

College Algebra Sixth Edition James Stewart  Lothar Redlin  Saleem Watson. Sequences and Series. 8. Chapter Overview. In this chapter, we study sequences and series of numbers. Sequences and Summation Notation. 8.1. Sequence.

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College Algebra Sixth Edition James Stewart  Lothar Redlin  Saleem Watson

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  1. College Algebra Sixth Edition James StewartLothar RedlinSaleem Watson

  2. Sequences and Series 8

  3. Chapter Overview • In this chapter, we study sequences and series of numbers.

  4. Sequences and Summation Notation 8.1

  5. Sequence • Roughly speaking, a sequence is an infinite list of numbers. • The numbers in the sequence are often written as: a1, a2, a3, . . . . • The dots mean that the list continues forever. • A simple example is the sequence: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...

  6. Describing Sequences • We can describe the pattern of the sequence displayed by: an = 5n

  7. Describing Sequences • You may have already thought of a different way to describe the pattern: • “You go from one number to the next by adding 5.”

  8. Describing Sequences • This natural way of describing the sequence is expressed by the recursive formulaan = an–1 + 5 starting with a1 = 5. • Try substituting n = 1, 2, 3, . . . in each of these formulas to see how they produce the numbers in the sequence.

  9. Sequences

  10. Sequence • Any ordered list of numbers can be viewed as a function whose input values are 1, 2, 3, . . . and whose output values are the numbers in the list.

  11. Sequence—Definition • A sequenceis a function f whose domain is the set of natural numbers. • The values f(1), f(2), f(3), . . ., f(n),… are called the termsof the sequence. • We usually write aninstead of the function notation f(n) for the value of the function at the number n.

  12. Sequence—Definition • So the terms of the sequence are written asa1, a2, a3, a4, …, an, … • The number a1 is called the first term, a2 is the second term, and in general anis the nth term.

  13. Sequences • Here’s a simple example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,… • The dots indicate that the sequence continues indefinitely. • We can write a sequence in this way when it’s clear what the subsequent terms of the sequence are. • This sequence consists of even numbers.

  14. Sequences • To be more accurate, however, we need to specify a procedure for finding allthe terms of the sequence. • This can be done by giving a formula for the nth term anof the sequence. • In this case, an = 2n and the sequence can be written as: 2, 4, 6, 8, …, 2n, …

  15. Sequences • Notice how the formula an = 2n gives all the terms of the sequence. • For instance, substituting 1, 2, 3, and 4 for n gives the first four terms: • To find the 103rd term, we use n = 103 to get: a103 = 2 · 103 = 206

  16. E.g. 1—Finding the Terms of a Sequence • Find the first five terms and the 100th term of the sequence defined by each formula.

  17. E.g. 1—Finding the Terms of a Sequence • To find the first five terms, we substitute n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the formula for the nth term. • To find the 100th term, we substitute n = 100.

  18. E.g. 1—Finding the Terms of a Sequence • This gives the following.

  19. Terms of a Sequence • In Example 1 (d), the presence of (–1)nin the sequence has the effect of making successive terms alternately negative and positive.

  20. Graphing Sequences • It is often useful to picture a sequence by sketching its graph. • Since a sequence is a function whose domain is the natural numbers, we can draw its graph in the Cartesian plane.

  21. Graphing Sequences • For instance, the graph of the sequence is shown here.

  22. Graphing Sequences • Compare the graph of the sequence shown in Figure 1 to the graph of • shown in Figure 2.

  23. Graphing Sequences • The graph of every sequence consists of isolated points that are not connected.

  24. Analyzing Sequences • Graphing calculators are useful in analyzing sequences. • To work with sequences on a TI-83, we put the calculator in S e q mode (“sequence” mode).

  25. Analyzing Sequences • If we enter the sequence u(n) = n/(n +1) of Example 1(c), we can display the terms using the T A B L E command.

  26. Analyzing Sequences • We can also graph the sequence as shown.

  27. Terms of a Sequence • Finding patterns is an important part of mathematics. • Consider a sequence that begins 1, 4, 9, 16, … • Can you detect a pattern in these numbers? • That is, can you define a sequence whose first four terms are these numbers?

  28. Terms of a Sequence • The answer to this question seems easy. • These numbers are the squares of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. • Thus, the sequence we are looking for is defined by an =n2.

  29. Terms of a Sequence • However, this is not the only sequence whose first four terms are 1, 4, 9, 16. • That is, the answer to our problem is not unique (Exercise 86). • In the next example, we are interested in finding an obvioussequence whose first few terms agree with the given ones.

  30. E.g. 2—Finding the nth Term of a Sequence • Find the nth term of a sequence whose first several terms are given.

  31. Example (a) E.g. 2—Finding the nth Term • We notice that the numerators of these fractions are the odd numbers and the denominators are the even numbers. • Even numbers are of the form 2n. • Oddnumbers are of the form 2n – 1. (An odd number differs from an even number by 1.) • So, a sequence that has these numbers for its first four terms is given by:

  32. Example (b) E.g. 2—Finding the nth Term • These numbers are powers of 2 and they alternate in sign. • So, a sequence that agrees with these terms is given by: an = (–1)n2n • You should check that these formulas do indeed generate the given terms.

  33. Recursively Defined Sequences

  34. Recursive Sequence • Some sequences do not have simple defining formulas like those of the preceding example. • The nth term of a sequence may depend on some or all of the terms preceding it. • A sequence defined in this way is called recursive.

  35. E.g. 3—Finding the Terms of a Recursively Defined Sequence • A sequence defined recursively by a1 = 1 and an = 3(an–1 + 2)

  36. E.g. 3—Finding the Terms of a Recursively Defined Sequence • (a) Find the first five terms of the sequence. • (b) Use a graphing calculator to find the 20th term of the sequence.

  37. Example (a) E.g. 3—Finding Terms of Recursively Defined Sequence • The defining formula for the sequence is recursive. • It allows us to find the nth term anif we know the preceding term an–1.

  38. Example (a) E.g. 3—Finding Terms of Recursively Defined Sequence • Thus, we can find the second term from the first term, the third term from the second term, the fourth term from the third term, and so on. • Since we are given the first term a1 = 1, we can proceed as follows.

  39. Example (a) E.g. 3—Finding Terms of Recursively Defined Sequence • a2 = 3(a1 + 2) = 3(1 + 2) = 9 • a3 = 3(a2 + 2) = 3(9 + 2) = 33 • a4 = 3(a3 + 2) = 3(33 + 2) = 105 • a5 = 3(a4 + 2) = 3(105 + 2) = 321 • The first five terms of this sequence are: 1, 9, 33, 105, 321,…

  40. Example (b) E.g. 3—Finding Terms of Recursively Defined Sequence • Note that, in order to find the 20th term of the sequence in Example 3, we must first find all 19 preceding terms. • This is most easily done using a graphing calculator.

  41. Example (b) E.g. 3—Finding Terms of Recursively Defined Sequence • The first figure shows how to enter this sequence on the TI-83 calculator. • From the second, we see the 20th term is: a20 = 4,649,045,865

  42. E.g. 4—The Fibonacci Sequence • Find the first 11 terms of the sequence defined recursively by: F1 = 1, F2 = 1, and Fn = Fn–1 + Fn–2

  43. E.g. 4—The Fibonacci Sequence • To find Fn, we need to find the two preceding terms Fn–1 and Fn–2. • Since we are given F1 and F2, we proceed as follows.F3 = F2 + F1 = 1 + 1 = 2F4 = F3 + F2 = 2 + 1 = 3F5 = F4 + F3 = 3 + 2 = 5

  44. E.g. 4—The Fibonacci Sequence • It’s clear what is happening here. • Each term is simply the sum of the two terms that precede it. • So, we can easily write down as many terms as we please. • Here are the first 11 terms: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,…

  45. Fibonacci Sequence • The sequence in Example 4 is called the Fibonacci sequence. • It’s named after the 13th-century Italian mathematician who used it to solve a problem about the breeding of rabbits. • See Exercise 85.

  46. Fibonacci Sequence • The sequence also occurs in numerous other applications in nature.

  47. Fibonacci Sequence • In fact, so many phenomena behave like the Fibonacci sequence that one mathematical journal, the Fibonacci Quarterly, is devoted entirely to its properties.

  48. The Partial Sums of a Sequence

  49. The Partial Sums of a Sequence • In calculus, we are often interested in adding the terms of a sequence. • This leads to the following definition.

  50. Partial Sums of a Sequence—Definition • For the sequencea1, a2, a3, a4, …, an, …the partial sumsare: S1 = a1S2 = a1 + a2S3 = a1 + a2+ a3 S4 = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an

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