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Workshop on Demographic Analysis and Evaluation

Learn about Brass' Child Survivorship Technique and its application in estimating child mortality through child survivorship data. Discover how to derive life tables based on this method.

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Workshop on Demographic Analysis and Evaluation

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  1. Workshop on Demographic Analysis and Evaluation

  2. Mortality: Estimation from Child Survivorship Data

  3. Child Mortality as an Index of Mortality Level In this part of the workshop we will cover: • An indirect technique for estimating child mortality from child survivorship data • The derivation of a life table based on child mortality

  4. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Brass’ childhood mortality technique estimates probabilities of dying between birth and certain ages based on numbers of children ever born and children surviving by age of mother. Based on information on children ever born and children surviving, classified by age of their mothers or by marriage duration, proportion of dead children (in relation to those born) are converted into probabilities of surviving from birth to an exact age (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years).

  5. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Brass noticed that the proportions dead of children ever born, classified by age of mother, were close to the probability of dying between birth and certain ages, and that the differences were primarily a function of the pattern of fertility. He therefore developed a set of multipliers to convert the proportions dead to the life table xq0 values, the probability of dying between birth and age x…

  6. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique …Multipliers to convert the proportions dead to the life table xq0 values, the probability of dying between birth and age x: xq0 = ki. Di Where: xq0 is the probability of dying between birth and age x;  ki is a multiplier;  Di is the proportion of children dead; and  i is the age group of the mother.

  7. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique The ki multipliers vary as a function of the fertility pattern in the population being studied. The multipliers are usually estimated based on ratios of successive average parities, P(i)/P(i+1), where i is the index of the age group (i = 15-19, ... 7 = 45-49).

  8. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique The data for mothers at selected age groups provide the following information: Index Age of (i) mother Derived values _______________________________ 1 15-19 1q0 probability of dying between birth and age 1 2 20-24 2q0 probability of dying between birth and age 2 3 25-29 3q0 probability of dying between birth and age 3 4 30-34 5q0 probability of dying between birth and age 5 5 35-39 10q0 probability of dying between birth and age 10 6 40-44 15q0 probability of dying between birth and age 15 7 45-49 20q0 probability of dying between birth and age 20

  9. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Brass' original calculations were based on a limited range of fertility and mortality patterns. Refinements of the Brass method have used correlation coefficients obtained from information derived from a broader range of mortality and fertility patterns. Trussel's equations were introduced in Manual X (1983), for use with Coale-Demeny model life table mortality.

  10. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique The most recent refinement is that by Palloni and Heligman, which requires calculation of mean age at maternity – an indicator of the average age difference between women and their children – and uses the UN's regional model mortality patterns. Both the Trussel and Paloni-Heligman versions rely on the Coale and Trussel model fertility schedules (1974). Both the Trussel and Paloni-Heligman estimates are calculated in the United Nations' QFIVE program.

  11. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Data required: • Children ever born classified by 5-year age groups of mother, from a census or survey. • Children surviving up to the time of the same census or survey, again classified by age of mother. • Number of women by 5-year age groups, from the same census or survey.

  12. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Assumptions: • The risk of a child dying is a function only of the age of the child. • Information on CEB and CS by age of mother are equally well reported. • Fertility levels and patterns have remained constant for at least 15 to 20 years before the census or survey. (United Nations (1990:23) says 30-35 years.) • The age pattern of mortality is known.

  13. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique • Assumptions: • There is no relationship between mortality of mothers and mortality of their children; between age of mother and parity; nor between age of mother and child mortality. That is, the risk of a child dying is a function only of the age of the child. • Age of mothers is reported correctly.

  14. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Assumptions: • Completeness of reporting is the same for children ever born as for children surviving. • As the authors mention, the mortality model used has been well identified.

  15. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Procedure: • Though Brass’ original procedure used a set of multipliers to convert proportions of children dead to life table xq0 values … … Trussell’s equations are used in the Palloni-Heligman variation (United Nations 1990: chV-VI). • The first step, in using equations based on United Nations models, is the calculation of mean age at maternity, or accepting the default value

  16. Calculation of Mean Age at Maternity with Mbar.xls Spreadsheet: Mbar.xls

  17. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Technique implemented in QFIVE (United Nations) Program: QFIVE

  18. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Technique implemented in QFIVE (United Nations), as accessed through PASEX interface: Spreadsheet: QFIVE.xls

  19. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique After entering required data and running the QFIVE program (which automatically applies the calculations described above), several sets of child mortality rates will be generated. Each set includes the following measures: 1q0infant mortality rates 4q1probability of dying between ages 1 and 4 5q0probability of dying between ages 0 and 5 Spreadsheet: QFIVE.xls

  20. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Each set includes the following measures: 1q0infant mortality rates 4q1probability of dying between ages 1 and 4 5q0probability of dying between ages 0 and 5 Each measure is generated for several reference dates (that correspond to the age-specific input from which they are derived). And all measures (for all reference dates) are available for CoaleDemeny and United Nations life table models. Spreadsheet: QFIVE.xls

  21. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Spreadsheet: QFIVE.xls

  22. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique The analyst then has two tasks: 1. Identify the measures corresponding to the regional model life table that best represents the mortality in the country under study. 2. Within the results falling in the appropriate life table model, identify reference dates associated with most reliable age-specific input data. Spreadsheet: QFIVE.xls

  23. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique • Choice of regional model life table may be based on: • The results of a comparison of the consistency of estimates from another source survey (MORTPAK/COMPAR, COMPAR.xls, DHSQCOM.xls), • Knowledge of the pattern of child mortality for the population in question, or • A desire to be consistent with previous choice.

  24. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique • Choice of reference date should consider the following: • Measures for the most recent reference dates are based on information reported by females ages 15-19 and 20-24 • Measures for reference dates furthest in the past are based on information reported by females ages 40-44 and 45-49 • Data for these youngest and oldest reproductive age groups tend to be affected by quality issues

  25. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Advantages: • A small amount of data, often collected in a census or survey, is required. • Mortality trend covering more than 1 years generated. • Estimates based on data on births for several years may be less affected by sampling error than methods based on data for only one year.

  26. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique Limitations: • Estimates based on information from women ages 15-19, as well as ages 40 and above, should be interpreted with caution. • Results may be affected by changing fertility pattern. • Poor quality data will produce results of uncertain reliability. • Age misreporting affects the results since the children’s length of exposure to the risk of dying is inferred from their mothers’ ages.

  27. Brass' Child Survivorship Technique and Development of Life Table Once infant mortality or under-5 mortality is calculated, MATCH may be used to calculate the rest of the life table. Spreadsheet: MATCH.xls or MATCH_BS.xls

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