FAMOUS AMERICAN POETS

1. FAMOUS AMERICAN POETS Despite their genius and fame, many poets were often misunderstood because of their unique dispositions and ideals. Sources for the following slides unless otherwise specified: http://www.online-literature.com/dickinson/; http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/eliot/eliot.htmhttp://www.biographyonline.net/poets/emily_dickinson.html; poets.org; http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng384/emilybio.htm;

2. FAMOUS POETS Emily Dickinson (1830 – 1886) Images: yahoo.com

3. Emily Dickinson Biography • Born December 10, 1830 in Amherst, MA. • Educated at Amherst Academy. • At 17, began college at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary; she became ill the spring of her first year and did not return. • She would leave home only for short trips for the remainder of her life, leading scholars to speculate she may have been agoraphobic(fear of going in public or managing crowds).

4. Was She Weird? • Known for being a recluse, she didn’t leave her family’s homestead for any reason after the late 1860’s. • She almost always wore white. • She often lowered snacks and treats in baskets to neighborhood children from her window, careful never to let them see her face.

5. Dickinson’s Poetry Famous for . . . • Regular meter—Sing-song • Quatrains (four line stanzas) • Often 1st and 3rd lines rhyme, 2nd and 4th lines rhyme in iambic pentameter (ABAB) • The use of dashes as emotion and interruption • Most poems about Life and Death

6. Dickinson’s Publishing Career • Sent poems to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a literary critic and family friend. • He recognized her talent, but tried to “improve” them, which made Dickinson lose interest. • At the time of her death, only seven of her poems had been published.

7. Dickinson’s Legacy • Dickinson died May 15, 1886, of nephritis (kidney disease). • Along with Walt Whitman, Dickinson is one of the two giants of American poetry of the 19th century.

8. Dickinson’s poem I heard a fly buzz when I died;      The stillness round my formWas like the stillness in the air      Between the heaves of storm. The eyes beside had wrung them dry,      And breaths were gathering sureFor that last onset, when the king      Be witnessed in his power. I willed my keepsakes, signed away      What portion of me ICould make assignable,- and then      There interposed a fly, With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz,      Between the light and me;And then the windows failed, and then      I could not see to see. “The death in this poem is painless, yet the vision of death it presents is horrifying, even gruesome. The appearance of an ordinary, insignificant fly at the climax of a life at first merely startles and disconcerts us. But by the end of the poem, the fly has acquired dreadful meaning. Clearly, the central image is the fly. It makes a literal appearance in three of the four stanzas and is what the speaker experiences in dying.” – source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/fly.html

9. FAMOUS POETS Walt Whitman (1819-1892) Lived between time of the War of 1812 and The American Civil War. Transcendentalist  Realist Gained prominence as a “Free Verse” poet One of two most famous 19th century poets (Dickinson is the other one)

10. Walt Whitman • Walt Whitman was born May 31, 1819 on South Huntington, Long Island, New York. • His poetry broke every rule of traditional poetry • Famous volume of poetry: Leaves of Grass (1855) • 1892 - Died of Emphysema/Pneumonia

11. “I celebrate myself…” • He was almost entirely self-education, especially admiring the work of Dante, Shakespeare, and Homer. • His mother described him as “very good, but very strange.” • His brother described him as being “stubborner [sic] than a load of bricks.”

12. Walt Whitman • Mixed reactions to his poetry, possibly because of its sexual references. • Ralph Waldo Emerson/Abe Lincoln loved it. • Themes Whitman covered were Nature, Democracy, and Common Man. • He introduced Free Verse to America. (no rhyme scheme, no meter) • Uses long lines, vernacular, and catalogue (listings) Slide Source: http://www.usd306.k12.ks.us/classroom/tanderson/Walt%20Whitman.ppt#258,3,Walt Whitman

13. Whitman’s “Song of Myself” poem I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil,     this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and     their parents the same,I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.

14. FAMOUS POETS Langston Hughes (1902 - 1967)

15. Langston Hughes Biography • James Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. After his parents divorced and until his mother remarried, he lived with his grandmother. His father moved to Mexico. • Hughes’ writing influences were Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Carl Sandburg, and Walt Whitman, though Hughes is known for his insightful, colorful portrayals of black life in America from the twenties through the sixties. He was a major player in the Harlem Renaissance Movement. • Langston Hughes died of complications from prostate cancer in May 22, 1967, in New York.

16. Writing Style • Diction/Vernacular • Jazz Influences • Metaphors and Symbols • Imagery

17. Hughes Poem What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore-- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode? “Dream Deferred”

18. Understanding Hughes’ “What Happens to a Dream Deferred?” poem • The questions are all rhetorical questions, because they intend to answer themselves. • Each question in the first stanza uses simile: “like a raisin in the sun,” “like a sore,”like rotten meat,” “like a syrupy sweet.” The second stanza which is not a question but a suggestion also uses simile “like a heavy load.” The last stanza uses metaphor, “does it explode?” • The poem employs rhyme: sun-run, meat-sweet, load-explode. • The poem also uses imagery: “raisin in the sun,” “fester like a sore— / And then run,” “stink like rotten meat,” etc.

19. Sylvia Plath 1932-1963 “The blood jet is poetry / there is no stopping it.”

20. A brief biography: childhood After discovering poetry, Sylvia said I “had fallen into a new way of being happy.” • Born in Boston on October 27, 1932, to Aurelia Schober and Otto Plath • Her mother introduced her to poetry which she loved • Idolized her father and longed to please him • In 1930s he developed diabetes, but refused treatment. Gangrene of leg led to amputation. • In 1940, when Sylvia was 8, her father died and she published her first poem. • Excelled in English and writing courses • Suffers mental & emotional exhaustion • Is rejected for a Harvard writing course • First suicide attempt –overdose. Receives electric shock treatment. • She writes about these experiences in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar

21. Sylvia and Ted He was “very simply the only man I’ve ever met whom I could never boss.” (Sylvia to friends) • 1954 Plath went to Harvard summer school, graduates summa cum laude in 1955 • 1956 – Met Ted Hughes, also a poet • It was an intense courtship and they were married within months. • In 1962, following a traumatic appendix operation and the birth of their son Nicholas, Plath's writing became more frantic. • Sylvia & Ted’s relationship was passionate and tumultuous

22. 1962 – the beginning of the end June: 2nd suicide attempt – driving car off the road July: Discovers Ted’s affair with Assia Weevill. Sept: They separate Oct: She writes 26 poems in one month Dec: She takes her 2 children and moves into a maisonette in London She prepares Ariel, a collection of 41 poems Sylvia Plath & Ted Hughes

23. The end: 1963 • The Bell Jar is published under a pseudonym and receives good reviews • She is depressed, isolated and mentally unstable • February 1963, in one of the coldest winters in English history, she succeeded in taking her life • Her body was discovered the following morning. • She was survived by her 2 children. • 1965: Ariel was published. • 1982 she is posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Literature.

24. Plath’s style • Confessional Poetry • Themes: Death, Life, her father • Metaphors (sometimes extended), Repetition, Assonance • Free Verse • Elegy

25. Billy Collins • Born March 22, 1941 in New York, New York • Contemporary poet • Poems have surprise endings • Sarcastic / Humorous • Conversational and witty poems • Laid-back, talks about everyday life • Became an English Professor • Writer-in-residence at Sarah Lawrence College • Founder of Poetry 180 project 25

26. Influences • Emily Dickinson • Mother • John Keats • Samuel Coleridge • Jazz music • New York 26

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