Step Five: Note-taking and Footnotes vs. Bibliographies

1. Step Five: Note-taking and Footnotes vs. Bibliographies (Significant Input from Dr. James Tollett)

2. Review of Steps Thus Far: • Step One: Select the Topic • Step Two: Preliminary Research in Authoritative Summaries • Step Three: Narrowing the Topic • Step Four: Building a Working or Annotated Bibliography, • and Next:

3. Step Five: Note Taking Many students make the mistake of taking notes on one or more sheets of paper. Taking copious notes one right after the other in short spurts when in the Library Then when writing the paper, there is no way to adequately organize the paper.

4. Guidelines For Using Index Cards (This also applies to electronic note cards in a single computer file) • Use 4” X 6” index cards • Record the source and page number(s) before taking the note • Write all notes legibly • Record only one relevant item of information on each card

5. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself.” Typical Index Card

6. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work.” (253) Note with Page Breaks

7. Reconciliation 1 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work.” (253) Continuing Notes on Cards

8. Reconciliation 2 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “To answer, we need to note, first, that when the Bible entreats someone to be reconciled to another, the hostility does not necessarily lie with the person who is being addressed.” (253) Continuing Notes

9. Guidelines When Taking Notes • Never take notes indiscriminately—be selective (targeted) in your note-taking • Record only what is new or stated in an unusual way (the heart of the matter) • It is usually during the note-taking process that the Thesis Statement becomes solidified and a tentative outline for the paper develops.

10. Four Types of Notes • Direct Quotation • Paraphrase • Rough Summary • Précis

11. A Word about Plagiarism • Intellectual Honesty (Vyhmeister, pp. 107-110) • At ORU, three things can happen if you are caught plagiarizing: • Fail the Assignment • Fail the Course • Dismissed from the University, Therefore: Give credit where credit is due; Cite all sources used for any thought or concept that is not yours & when in doubt – Cite the Source

12. Reconciliation 1 of 2 Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 “The death of Christ also brings to an end the enmity and estrangement which exist between God and humankind. Our hostility toward God is removed. The emphasis in Scripture is usually that we are reconciled to God, that is, he plays the active role; he reconciles us to himself. On this basis, the ad-(252) vocates of the moral-influence theory have contended that reconciliation is strictly God’s work.” (253) Direct Quotation

13. Direct Quotations should only be used when: • Point needs substantiation by an authority • Comparing/Contrasting two views • Specific statement is being analyzed • Exactitude is required—stating formula, law, or edict

14. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 Christ’s death ends the alienation that had existed between God and humanity. The Scriptures teach that by His death, Christ has made it possible for humanity to be “reconciled to God.” God Himself took an “active role” in the process of reconciliation. Note: mixture of own words and “quoted words from source” Paraphrase

15. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 Christ’s death brings end to the alienation between God and man. Because of Christ, humanity is reconciled to God. Reconciliation is initiated from God’s side. Note: All own words Rough Summary

16. Reconciliation Millard J. Erickson, Introducing Christian Doctrine, 252-253 Christ’s death ends enmity, estrangement, and hostility, since God actively and solely reconciled humankind to Himself. Note: Entire note reduced to one single thought (thesis statement of the note) Précis (Thesis Statement)

17. Evaluating Sources during note-taking process: • Relevance to Thesis Statement • Type of Source: Primary or Secondary • Secondary source is a source quoted within a source—Avoid using secondary sources • If secondary source is highly relevant to thesis statement, find it, and then, use it as a primary source • The author’s perspective • The author’s credentials • Readability of the source

18. Vertical Files Dissertations Original Autographs Media Sources Internet Original Research Other Sources

19. Vertical Files (usually contained in File Cabinets) • Pamphlets • Tracts • Letters • News Releases • Flyers

20. Dissertations • Dissertation Abstracts International (Abstracts only) • Statement of problem/issue researched • Description of research method • Summary of findings/significance • Summary of conclusion reached • WorldCatDissertations and ProQuest: Databases on ORU Library homepage that usually contain full length pdf file of dissertation

21. Original Autographs • Private Archives • Institutional Collections • Private Homes • Includes such items as: • Letters • Notes • Diaries • Manuscripts

22. Media Sources • Tape Recordings (Professional & Amateur) • Sources: • Documentaries (PBS, NOVA, History Channel, etc.) • Newscasts, Newspapers • Debates • Motion Pictures

23. Internet • Care should be taken when taking material from the Internet • Search the Web with a reputable search engine (Google.com, Yahoo.com, etc.) & reputable Databases (World Cat, Christian Classics Ethereal Library—CCEL, etc.) • Evaluate sources per Vyhmeister, pp. 150-152, (Purpose of site?, Sponsor?, Date/Updated?, Credentials of author, Data available elsewhere?, Academic value of site?) • Care must also be made in citation of Internet Sources (see Research/Writing Manual, pp. 99-100)

24. Original Research • Letters • Interviews • Surveys

25. Footnotes versus Bibliography • Taking notes for paper provides basic bibliographic info for footnotes/bibliography • Both have slightly different formats for citations (See Vyhmeister, chaps. 16, 19 & 22, Turabian, chaps. 15-17 & R/W Manual, pp. 90-106) • Footnote format is more abbreviated and more specific • However, both document or cite the source of the original thought or concept used in the Paper

26. Footnotes vs. Bibliography (cont.) • Footnotes appear within the paper itself, at the bottom of the page, underneath a partial underline, & include the exact page(s) used, for example: ________________________ ¹Nancy Jean Vyhmeister and Terry Dwain Robertson, Quality Research Papers: For Students of Religion and Theology, 3rd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2014), 189-90. • Bibliography appears at the end of the Paper as a separate listing (in alphabetical order) of all the sources used in the Paper, for example: BIBLIOGRAPHY Vyhmeister, Nancy Jean and Terry Dwain Robertson. Quality Research Papers: For Students of Religion and Theology. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2014. (REMEMBER: ONLY CITE SOURCES THAT YOU ACTUALLY USED IN YOUR PAPER!)

27. Footnotes Formatting FOOTNOTES (Pages 73-74, Research and Writing Manual) Note: The information below is from MS Word 2007 and is for a general guideline only: Modifying Footnotes Style In order to create the same style for all footnotes: 1. After entering first footnote notation, place cursor immediately after footnote number. 2. Right click the mouse. 3. A new box will open. Select Style and follow prompts. 4. Footnotes should be 12 pt. Times New Roman, indented 0.5” on the first line and flush left on succeeding lines. Removing Footnote Continuation Separator: Search “footnote separator” in MS Word help. BIBLIOGRAPHY Note: The information below is from MS Word 2007 and is for a general guideline only: • Do not use spacing and tabs to format your bibliography. Instead, use hanging indents (see the instruction in Hanging Indents of Heading). • Select all bibliography and format hanging indents • On the Paragraph tab, go to Indents and Spacing • Set both left and right Indentions to 0. • Set Special to Hanging; Set By to 0.5 inch • Set Spacing to Single • Make sure the spacing after selection is set to 12 pt. • Double space between books and periodicals listed in the bibliography. • Triple space between headings. • Page number on the first page of the bibliography should appear centered at the bottom. • Page number on following pages goes 1” from top and right margins.