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Nuclear Chemistry. Chapter 1: Activity 9. Hiroshima Bomb. During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Nuclear Chemistry.
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Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 1: Activity 9
Hiroshima Bomb • During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
Nuclear Chemistry • The study of the atomic nucleus and any changes that the nucleus may undergo.
Radiation • a process in which energetic particles or waves travel through a medium or space. • It is everywhere in the universe • Natural • Cosmic Radiation • Terrestrial Radiation • Internal Radiation • Man-made • Televisions • X-rays • Smoke detectors • Nuclear Medicine http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php
Types of Decay • Alpha Radiation: αParticle • atom emits a “helium nucleus,” 2 protons + 2 neutrons • Rutherford’s Gold Foil Exp. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJkx6hAD-4E
Types of Decay • Beta Radiation: β particle • a neutron in the atom breaks apart into (proton, electron, & neutrino) and the atom emits one electron • Atomic # increases to create stable atom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MU0FGhEFC2E
Types of Decay • Gamma Radiation: γ • The atom gives off a high-frequency electromagnetic wave
Alpha, Beta, Gamma radiation • http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/radioa7.swf
What can they penetrate? Alpha α =almost nothing Inhalation (radon) Open wounds Can’t go through skin, paper, wood, plastic, lead, concrete Beta β = somethings Skin & paper Can’t go through wood, plastic, lead, concrete Gamma γ = a lot of stuff Skin, paper, & wood Can’t go through lead or concrete http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ec8iomUS34U http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsspFQn0mWM
Atomic Decay • A half life is the amount of time it takes for one-half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay
Half-Life • If you have 10 grams of Carbon-14, it will take 5730 years for half of it to decay (5 grams)
Half-life Practice • Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8 days. A sample initially contains 80 grams of iodine-131. • How many grams will there be after 8 days? • How much will be left after 16 days? • How much will be left after 24 days? • 32 days? • 40 days?
Law of Conservation of Matter • At the nuclear level, atoms are NOT conserved. • But, the total number of protons and neutrons is. • Fore example, in alpha decay, α: Neutrons 134 Neutrons 134 Protons 88 Protons 88
Fission Fusion • “Heavy” nuclei split apart into smaller atoms • Can be controlled on Earth (nuclear reactors use fission) • Releases LOTS of energy • “Light” nuclei combine to make more massive atoms • Cannot be controlled on Earth (only occurs in stars) • Releases LOTS of energy Fission & Fusion
Nuclear Fission Reactors • Boiling Water Reactor
Nuclear Fission Reactor • Pressurized Water Reactor
Fusion 2 isotopes of hydrogen fuse together to make a helium atom
Real World Application (RWA) • Build a nuclear reactor that is sustainable using all or some of the reactions given. 1. Organize the laminated reactions based on the type of nuclear decay (α,β,γ). 2. Show how one reaction can related to another reaction.
