Processor history

1. Processor history

2. 2 3 4 5 5+ 1 Pentium 8086/8088 80286 80386 DX/SX 80486 SX/DX Pentium MMX 1978-81 1984 1987-88 1990-92 1993-95 1997

3. 6+ 7+ 8 6 7 Pentium Pro Pentium II Mobile Pentium Pentium III Pentium 4 Itanium dual core 1995 1997 1997 1999 2001 2001

4. 10 11 12 9 i7 Itanium Core duo i3 i5 2012 2013 2006-9 2010

5. i3,i5,i7…. • No. of cores- 2 – i3 • No. of cores- 4 – i5. • No. of cores- 4 – i7

6. Internal snap of i7

7. Features of i7 Micro processor • Quad Core Processor • — Supports 4 core on single die • — 3 level (L1,L2,L3)cache • — 8 dedicated threads for multitasking and multithreaded operation • Integrated memory controller • — Supports DDR3( Double data RAM) • — DDR3 used for storage at high speed • — Allows I/O bus to run 4 times faster • Execute Disable Bit • — Provides enhanced virus protection • — Execute Disable Bit allows memory to be marked as executable or non executable • — it raises an error to OS if code is run in non executable memory

8. Features of i7 Micro processor • Hyper threading technology • — one physical processor seems like two logical processor • — improves performance in multitasking • — execution unit ,caches, buses are shared • —logical processor has data reg, segment reg, control reg, debug reg • — i7 processor can process 2 thread simultaneously • — it appears to OS as 8 CPUs • Turbo Boost Technology • — allows processor to run faster than base operating frequency • — power of passives cores are provided to the active cores • — it can increase frequency of all 4 cores till they can handle current payload • — it does not require any hardware support • — It can enable/disable by OS and BIOS

9. Features of i7 Micro processor • Enhanced speed step technology • — running processor at high clock speeds for better performance • — If operating on low frequency, less heat generated then less power consumption • Intel Quick Path Interconnect(QPI) • — used to link processor and system components • — provide higher memory performance and flexibility • — replaces front side bus • — QPI high speed data transfer up to 25.6 Gbps • —Concurrent bi-directional traffic • Virtualization technology • — one hardware platform to function a multiple virtual platform • Trusted Execution technology • —hardware based mechanism to help protect against s/w based attacks • —It helps to protect the confidentiality and integrity of data • —by enabling trusted environment application can run in their own space

10. Features of i7 Micro processor Smart cache and cache memory — 3 level (L1,L2,L3)cache — level 1 L1 cache 32 KB each (instruction and data) — level 2 L2 cache 256 KB ( combined instruction and data) — level 3 L3 cache 8 MB ( used for communication for different cores of processor) Core 0 Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 L1 cache 32 kb L1 cache 32 kb L1 cache 32 kb L1 cache 32 kb L2 cache 256 kb L2 cache 256 kb L2 cache 256 kb L2 cache 256 kb Inclusive shared 8 MB L3 cache

11. Block Diagram of i7 Micro processor Architecture of one core of i7 processor Core 0 Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 L1 cache 32 kb L1 cache 32 kb L1 cache 32 kb L1 cache 32 kb L2 cache 256 kb L2 cache 256 kb L2 cache 256 kb L2 cache 256 kb L2 cache 256 kb Execution Engine Execution Engine Execution Engine Execution Engine Inclusive shared 8 MB L3 cache Quick path Interconnect interface (QPI), Integrated Memory Controller

13. Registers f i7 Micro processor • 16 GPRS 64 bit wide • 6 segment reg 16 bit wide • Rflagreg 64 bit wide • RIP reg 64 bit • 8 MMX reg 64 bit wide • 16 XMM registers 128 bit wide • MXCSR reg 32 bit wide • 8 FPU data reg 80 bit wide • 1 control reg 16 bit wide • 1 status reg 16 bit wide • 1 tag reg 16 bit wide • 11 bit opcodereg • 64 bit FPU data pointer reg • 64 bit FPU instruction pointer reg