Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2 Chapter 20: Doping in Sports Alcohol Abuse Among Athletes

1. Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2Chapter 20: Doping in Sports Alcohol Abuse Among Athletes Psychology of Sport Nov 13-16, 2009 Classes #33-34

2. Doping • The use of an expedient (substance) which is potentially harmful but can enhance an athletes performance • International Olympic Committee (2005)

3. Why do they do it? • Faustian Philosophy • Win at all costs • 14% said they would take a pill that would make them a world-class athlete but would also kill them in 10 years • 3% would still take the pill if it would kill them in 5 years

4. PsychologicalStressors Unique to Athletes • Time Management • How to fit athletics with academics and social activities. • Performance Issues • The athlete’s opinion of their abilities/performance, as well as teammates and coaches opinions. • Self Esteem • Can be driven to a large part by how they perform as an athlete.

5. Today’s Student-Athlete • Who are they? • What do they believe? • What substances are they using? • How can we help them?

6. Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They? • They don’t know Len Bias. • They weren’t around when he died in 1986 of a cocaine overdose.

7. Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They? • They weren’t born when the NCAA membership passed drug testing legislation in 1986 • They weren’t born when Brian Bosworth wore his “NCAA” t-shirt (National Communists Against Athletes) on national TV after failing a pre-bowl drug test that same year.

8. Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They? • This year’s freshman class wasn’t even born in 1988 – the year Ben Johnson tested positive for steroids at the Olympics in Seoul

9. Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They? • They more likely know the name of an athlete who died after using ephedra.

10. Ephedra • The National Football League banned players from using ephedra as a dietary supplement in 2001 after the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle Korey Stringer • The substance is also banned by the National Basketball Association

11. Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They? • They are more likely to have used someone else’s Ritalin or Adderall or know someone who has.

12. Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They? • They might know this player used “andro” and that it was legal • But probably can’t name a pro football player who injected steroids and died from cancer • Can you?

13. Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They? • A generation that we can’t assume fully understands the negative side effects of taking steroids: • Acne and cysts • Male pattern baldness • Facial hair • Depression • Suicidal thoughts

14. What Do They Believe? • Most college athletes support drug testing by their schools and the NCAA. • College athletes should be randomly tested by NCAA. • NCAA drug testing deters use.

15. What Substances Are Athletes Using? • Most athletes do not use drugs. • Drug and supplement use differs between sports. • Use began in high school or middle school.

16. Drug Use • Major problems facing sport today • Growing attention • Deaths of elite athletes • Increasing attention of media • Contrary to the ethical principles of athletic competition • Wide spread among athletes

17. The BALCO Scandal • Scandal involving the use of banned substances by professional athletes • The Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative was a San Francisco Bay Area business accused of supplying steroids to Major League Baseball players • The incident surrounds a 2002 US Federal government investigation of the laboratory

18. The BALCO Scandal • Founded in 1984 by Victor Conte • Sport supplement company • Types of drugs included Erythropoietin, Human Growth Hormone, Modafinil, Testosterone cream, and Tetrahydrogestrinone

19. Bonds is still being investigated...

20. What About HS Students? • Supplement use among general adolescent population from 19 – 25% • Among HS athletes, between 23 – 58% • Supplement use increases as age, grade and number of sports increase

21. What About HS Students? • Girls cite – lose weight, lose fat and look good • Boys cite – gain weight, increase muscle size and lose body fat • 6.8% of male HS seniors and 5.3% of female HS seniors have used steroids • 38% started before age 16

22. Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports Men’s Lacrosse • 7.0% amphetamines • 2.2% steroids • 5.5% ephedrine • 47.9% marijuana • 32.2% spit tobacco

23. Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports Women’s Soccer • 4.6% amphetamines • 0.5% steroids • 6.7 % ephedrine • 32.4% marijuana • 3.5% spit tobacco

24. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • CNS Stimulants • Amphetamines • Delay fatigue, increase alertness, enhance speed, power, endurance, concentration • Hypertension, angina, vomiting, abdominal pain, cerebral hemorrhage, dependence, death

25. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • CNS Stimulants • Caffeine • Shortened reaction time, improved concentration, diuresis • Glycogen sparing leading to delayed fatigue • > 12 ug/mL is a positive urine per IOC • Dyspepsia, cardiac damage, combination with other stimulants (e.g. ephedrine) may be fatal

26. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • Systemic stimulants • Adrenalin • In local anesthetics • Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine • Cold and allergy remedies • Phenylpropanolamine • Diet pills • Similar effects to the amphetamines in high doses

27. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) • Derivatives of testosterone • First use generally later than other drugs • Drug and method sought for maximum anabolic and minimum androgenic properties • Sprinting, weight lifting, body building • Acne, abnormal LFTs, feminization, virilization, premature closure of the epiphysial plates, behavioral changes “roid rage”, CVAs, cardiomyopathy

28. Adonis Complex • AAS use prevalent among adolescents

29. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • Beta 2 agonists • Isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine • Sympathomimetic amines, anabolic properties • Cardiac arrhythmias in overdose, headaches • Peptide hormones: HCG • Increases testosterone • Maintains testicular volume with anabolic steroid use • Ovarian cysts

30. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • Pituitary and synthetic gonadotropins • Increases testosterone, anti-estrogenic • Ovarian cysts • Corticotropins • Increase testosterone • Rare and related to excess corticosteroids- pituitary suppression,  immunity, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia

31. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • Human Growth Hormones (HGH) • Increase muscle mass & decrease fat mass • Gigantism, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, cardiac disease, myopathies, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, impotence, osteoporosis

32. Offers… Strength Growth Bone strength Tissue repair Protein formation Problems… Considered cheating Highly counterfeited Acromegaly excessive growth... Hands/feet enlarge, and jaw protrudes HGH © 2006 The National Center for Drug Free Sport

33. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • Erythropoietin (EPO) • Stimulates RBC production • Increases oxygen carrying capacity • CVAs • Blood doping • RBC transfusion, artificial oxygen carriers • Increases oxygen carrying capacity • Allergic reactions, sludging of blood

34. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS • Diuretics and other masking agents • Misused in sports requiring precise weight management • Boxing, gymnastics, and wrestling are examples

35. Gene Doping • Non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or the modulation of gene expression to enhance athletic performance is prohibited

36. FOOD SUPPLEMENTS • Viewed as legal means of gaining edge • 76-100% of athletes use vs. 50% general population • May or may not contribute to enhanced performance • Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids • Adverse effects not investigated

37. Stop Giving Mixed Messages • Alcohol sponsorships • Dietary supplement sponsorships

38. This would be better...

39. NCAA Initiatives for Student-Athlete Well-Being • Health and Safety • Alcohol and Other Drugs • Nutrition and Performance • Mental Health Promotion • GLBT issues • Hazing Prevention

44. College Students: Alcohol is Still #1 • Use Within Last 30 days: • Alcohol 70% • Tobacco 20% • Marijuana 19% • Other drugs 3%

45. Alcohol and Athletes • We expect athletes to avoid alcohol because their success depends on physical & mental health • However, athletes use at a higher rate than non-athletes • 80% of athletes use alcohol • Higher rates of heavy drinking among athletes

46. Alcohol and Athletes More athletes report experiencing alcohol-related harms than non-athletes. These include… • Academic problems • Emergency room visits • Getting into trouble with the police

47. We’ll present the facts…you decide. Alcohol • Interferes with the loading of carbohydrates in muscles (muscle glycogen synthesis), • Lengthens the recovery and rehabilitation from injury. Alcohol and Athletic PerformanceJacqueline R. Berning, Ph.D., R.D.University of Colorado1996

48. Alcohol and Athletes Moderate use (2-3 drinks)… • Reduces motor coordination for up to 12 to 18 hours after drinking. • Results in decreased aerobic capacity and negative impact on endurance for up to 48 hours after the last drink has been consumed.

49. Alcohol and Athletes Moderate use (2-3 drinks)… • Can cut supplies of vitamins to below normal levels. • The body excretes calcium at twice the normal rate • Sleep patterns are affected by even moderate alcohol intake Middlebury College - Middlebury, Vermont, http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/healthed/

50. The days after • Alcohol negatively effects performance 25 to 48 hours after the last drink • The reduction in quality of trainingand sleep in the period after its consumption, may cause a reduction in performance over the days following this period.