Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7 The Jeffersonian Era

2. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Jeffersonian Vision- sturdy, independent farmers, free from workshops, towns and mobs of Europe. Universal education and scientific rationalism. Cultural outlook that emphasized localism and republican simplicity. Federal government with sharply limited power, authority remaining with the states.

3. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Republican vision for America- a virtuous enlightened citizenry ("crusade against ignorance") Wanted a nationwide system of public schools- as late at 1815 not a single state had a comprehensive public school system

4. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Schooling became primarily responsibility of private schools- only male students • Women’s illiteracy rates at the time of the revolution was 50% • In 1789 Massachusetts ordered that its public schools serve females as well as males- supported "republican mother" who must be enlightened in order to raise enlightened children. Massachusetts required public schools to educate men and women.

5. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Judith Sargent Murray- defended women's right to education, argued men and women were equal in intellect and potential, should have the same opportunities to earn their living, establish a role for themselves in society

6. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Tried to educate Native Americans (noble savages) hoped that schooling would bring the up to a more civilized lifestyle • A few northern states allowed free African Americans to attend segregated schools • Slave owners tried to prevent black workers from learning to read or write- number of literate slaves was very small

7. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • University of Virginia- founded by Thomas Jefferson to promote the idea of advanced knowledge • College of William and Mary, University of Pennsylvania and Columbia College all created law schools before 1800- rarely used. Lawyers would just apprentice themselves to a practicing lawyer

8. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • One man in a thousand had access to any college education- members of prosperous, propertied families. Colleges relied on private contributions and tuition fees. • University of Pennsylvania- first American medical school- medical field was inadequate still. • Applying the new scientific method to medicine was hard to enforce against age old prejudice and superstition

9. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Municipal authorities had virtually no understanding of medical science and no idea what to do in the face of severe epidemics • Benjamin Rush- bleeding and purging common medical practice

10. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Physicians began to handle child birth and began to demand restrictions on midwives. Resulted in a narrowing of opportunity for women and a restriction of access to childbirth care for poor mothers.

11. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Noah Webster- wrote American Spelling Book (blue-backed speller), sold over 100 million copies- the best selling book (not including the Bible)- established a national standard of words and usages

12. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • There was a large audience for American authors. Few opportunities for authors to get their work published • “Hartford Wits”- Connecticut authors who wrote The Columbiad in 1807 to convey the special character of American civilization

13. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Washington Irving- won wide acclaim for his satirical histories of early American life, fables of society in New World • Mercy Otis Warren- influential playwright used her literary efforts with a History of the Revolution, published in 1805 and emphasized the heroism of American struggle

14. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Revolution weakened traditional forms of religious practice by detaching church from government, elevation ideas of individual liberty • 1790's- small portion of people were members of formal churches

15. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Deism- originated from Enlightenment philosophers- accepted existence of God, considered him a remote being, who created the universe but withdrew from direct involvement in human race • Universalism and Unitarianism- rejected Calvinist ideas of predestination, argued salvation was available to all- rejected idea of Trinity- Jesus not the son of God

16. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • James Murray- founded the Universalist Church as a separate denomination in Mass. • Most Americans continued to hold strong religious beliefs- decline in commitment to organized churches

17. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Second Great Awakening-leaders of several denominations participated in evangelizing efforts, for a return to traditional religion • New Light Dissenters- people who altered their religious views to make them more compatible with world of scientific rationalism

18. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Methodism- founded by John Wesley, became the fastest- growing denomination in America • During the Awakening membership in Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist churches dramatically increased

19. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Cane Ridge- "first camp meeting" revival that lasted several days, became common events to "harvest" new members (25,000 attended)

20. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Message of Second Great Awakening: individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives, active piety, reject skeptical rationalism that threatened traditional beliefs. Beliefs that a person could control his or her own destiny, rather than encouraging irreligion as many had feared

21. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Results: accelerated growth of different sects and denominations, acceptance of the idea men and women could belong to different Protestant churches and still be committed to the same Christian faith- spread religious fervor to remote regions of the country

22. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Women flocked to revivals in large numbers, most widespread among white society- penetrated other cultures • Enthusiasm helped compensate for the losses and adjustments these transitions produced; it also provided access to a new range of activities associated with the churches

23. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Black revival-Gabriel Prosser devised elaborate plan for a salve rebellion and attack on Richmond- revivalism continued to stir racial unrest in the South

24. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Neolin- Native American prophet, stimulated Indian military efforts, combined Christian and Indian messages • Handsome Lake- claimed to have met Jesus who told him to call for a revival of traditional Indian ways, restoring communal quality, inspired many Indians to give up whiskey, gambling and other destructive customs derived from white society

25. The Rise of Cultural Nationalism • Freethinkers- skeptical philosophies, remained small and defensive minority within American Christianity- dominant religious characteristic became fervent evangelicalism

26. Stirrings of Industrialism • Imported some technological advances from England- immigrants arrived with advanced knowledge of English technology • Samuel Slater- used knowledge acquired in England to build a spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island- first modern factory

27. Stirrings of Industrialism • Oliver Evans- crated automated flour mill, card making machine, important improvements to the steam engine, 1795 published Americas first textbook of mechanical engineering "The Young Mill-Wright's and Miller's Guide" • Eli Whitney- revolutionized both cotton production and weapons manufacturing, not enough long- staple cotton (sea cotton) which grew along Atlantic coast, Short-Staple cotton could grow inland through vast areas of the South

28. Stirrings of Industrialism • Results of the Cotton Gin- cotton growing spread into the upland south, slavery regained its importance expanded and became firmly fixed upon the south, development of American textile industry. Motivated the north to develop a textile industry.

29. Stirrings of Industrialism • Development of assembly line- made weapons faster and easier • 1789- two new tariff bills gave preference to American ships in American ports, helping to stimulate an expansion of domestic shipping; by 1793 US had a merchant marine and a foreign trade larger than those of any country except England

30. Stirrings of Industrialism • Outbreak on war in Europe in the 1790’s allowed Yankee merchant vessels to take over most of the carrying trade between Europe and the Western Hemisphere • As early as 1793 the young republic had a merchant marine and a foreign trade larger than those of any country except England.

31. Stirrings of Industrialism • Robert Fulton- responsible for perfecting the steamboat and bringing it to the attention of the Nation. Robert R. Livingston was the promoter of the steamboat

32. Stirrings of Industrialism • Beginning of the turnpike era- ran comparatively short distances and through thickly settled areas. First turnpike was from Philadelphia to Lancaster with hard-packed crushed rock. No operators were willing to build similar highways over the mountains (and to the western interior)

33. Stirrings of Industrialism • Only 3% of the Americans live in towns of more that 8,000 at the time of the second census in 1800. 10% lived west of the Appalachian mountains • Philadelphia (70,000) and New York (60,000) were becoming major centers of commerce and learning. Baltimore (26,000), Boston (24,000) and Charleston (20,000)

34. Stirrings of Industrialism • Urban life produced affluence, sought increasing elegance and refinement in their homes, grounds, and dress, looked for entertainment- music, theater, dancing, horse racing

35. Jefferson The President • "We are all republicans, we are all federalists" said Jefferson in his inaugural address

36. Jefferson The President • The Capital: French architect Pierre L'Enfant designed the capital on a grand scale- Washington was to become the Paris of America, in reality- Washington remained little more than a straggling provincial village- raw inhospitable community with few public buildings. Population of 3,200- never able to rival the larger cities

37. Jefferson The President • Jefferson: owned more then 100 slaves, wealthy aristocratic planter- conveyed a public image of plain, crude distain for pretension, did not dress up, allowed rude manners at dinners, active architect, educator, inventor, creative, a gifted writer, scientific farmer and philosopher- scientist

38. Jefferson The President • Used powers of appointment as an effective political weapon- by the end of his second term practically all government jobs were in the hands of loyal Republicans • Election of 1804: Federalist nominee was Charles C Pinckney, could not carry most of New England strongholds; Jefferson won the election 162 to 14

39. Jefferson The President • Congress abolished all internal taxes-customs duties and sale of western land only sources of revenue • Secretary of Treasury (Gallatin) - reduced government spending, cut staff of Executive Department • Jefferson cut national debt in half, reduced size of army and navy- helped establish the United States Military Academy at West Point

40. Jefferson The President • Barbary States- Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli- demanded protection money from all nations whose ships sailed the Mediterranean • 1805- US reached agreement with the pasha that ended American payments of tribute to Tripoli but required the US to pay a ransom of $60,000 for the release of American prisoners seized by Barbary pirates

41. Jefferson The President • Marbury v. Madison- William Marbury one of Adams midnight appointments was made chief justice of peace of DC, his commission not delivered to him before Adams left office • James Madison refused to hand over the commission, went the supreme court- ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission but that the Court had no authority to order Madison to deliver it

42. Jefferson The President • Judiciary Act of 1789- stated that Court had the power to compel officials to deliver commissions­ but the court ruled that Congress had exceeded its authority in creating that statute: denied its own authority, yet radically enlarged it.

43. Jefferson The President • Justices repudiated a minor power by asserting a vastly greater one- the power to nullify an act of Congress • John Marshall-Federalist, battled to give the federal government unity and strength. Adams named him Chief Justice

44. Jefferson The President • Jefferson saw threat that an assertive judiciary could pose to his policies, urged Congress to impeach obstructive judges- removed Pickering, targeted Justice of the Supreme Court- Samuel Chase, highly partisan Federalist, delivered stridently partisan speeches from the bench but committed no crime.

45. Jefferson The President • Republicans view of impeachment- impeachment was not merely a criminal proceeding, could impeach a judge for political reasons; obstructing the other branches of government and disregarding the will of the people • Chase's Acquittal of Impeachment charges- set important precedent, helped establish impeachment could not become a purely political weapon

46. Doubling the National Domain • Napoleon failed in a plan to seize India from the British Empire and began a dream of restoring French power in the New World, wanted to regain lands west of the Mississippi • Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800)- secret treaty between France and Spain in which France regained title to Louisiana

47. Doubling the National Domain • Toussaint L'Ouventure- created an African revolt against French rule in Santo Domingo • Jefferson's response: assured France they did not approve of the black revolutionary, implied that US might join with France in putting down the rebellion

48. Doubling the National Domain • Change in view: caused by France acquiring New Orleans- "if France should actually seize New Orleans, the outlet through which the produce of the fast-growing western regions of the US traveled to market- we must marry ourselves to the British fleet"

49. Doubling the National Domain • 1802- closed the lower Mississippi to American shippers • Westerners demanded that the federal government do something to reopen the river. Jefferson had to chose a potential war with France or a loss of political support.

50. Doubling the National Domain • Livingston- sent to Paris as an ambassador to negotiate purchase of New Orleans- proposed that the French sell the US the western part of Louisiana as well • Napoleon accepted offer: yellow fever epidemic wiped out much of the French army, did not have the resources to secure an American empire