Real and Artificial Intelligence

1. Real and Artificial Intelligence Elaine Regelson Director of Mentoring and Retention Computer Science Professor Ross Beveridge

2. What is “Intelligence”? • Thoughts … ??

3. What is “intelligence”? 1. the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills: an eminent man of great intelligence 2. a person or being with the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills: extraterrestrial intelligences [Oxford English Dictionary online: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/intelligence]

4. What is intelligent? • That is, what are some examples of things you think are intelligent? • Thoughts?

5. What is intelligent? • People?

6. What is intelligent? • People? • Mice?

7. What is intelligent? • People? • Mice? • Bees?

8. What is intelligent? • People? • Mice? • Bees? … or cockroaches?

9. What is intelligent? • People? • Mice? • Bees? … or cockroaches? • Amoebae?

10. What is intelligent? • People? • Mice? • Bees? … or cockroaches? • Amoebae? • Rocks?

11. Back to intelligence: • Is there only one kind?

12. Back to intelligence: • Is there only one kind? • If so, what is it?

13. Theory of Multiple Intelligences • Dr. Howard Gardner: not only do human beings have several different ways of learning and processing information, but these methods are relatively independent of one another: leading to multiple "intelligences" as opposed to a “general intelligence factor” among correlated abilities http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner

14. Dr. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic • … and considering a ninth: existential intelligence (the posing and pondering of "big questions") http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner

15. So how do you know … • … if something is intelligent?

16. Can Machines Be Intelligent?

17. Can Machines Be Intelligent? • How would you know?

18. Thinking Machines Professor Ross Beveridge April, 2009 Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

19. Thinking Machines Introduction: What is this machine thinking? Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

20. Up Front - Visual Sources Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

21. & Other TM 3 Aristotle Thinking - Machines Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

22. Are people special?

23. What would make them special?

24. Let’s consider this…

25. Perspective: Humans are Special 1. We are the center of the Universe. Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

26. Perspective: Humans are Special 1. We our the center of the Universe. 2. We are not animals. Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

27. Perspective: Humans are Special 1. We are the center of the Universe. 2. We are not animals. 3. Only animal to use tools. Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

28. Perspective: Humans are Special 1. We are the center of the Universe. 2. We are not animals. 3. Only animal to use tools. 4. Only animal to use language. Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

29. Perspective: Humans are Special 1. We are the center of the Universe. 2. We are not animals. 3. Only animal to use tools. 4. Only animal to use language. 5. Well, at least we are intelligent. Take heart, we are the ones building the machines. Maybe defining intelligence is tricky! Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

30. Some Definitions of A.I. • Dean et. al.: Design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently. • Rich and Knight: The study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better. • Handbook of AI: Is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior - understanding language, reasoning, solving problems, and so on. Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

31. Talent Machine Human Arithmetic Great! Give it up. Short Term Memory GigaBytes 7 +/- 2 Memory - Association Struggling Great! Natural Language Getting better Great! Scheduling - formal Great! Give it up. Handling unexpected Dreadful … ? Resourceful Perception - Sight Not general Great! Common Sense What is it? Good Talents, Human & Machine Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

32. Look Ma - No Hands Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

33. Computer - Listen up! Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

34. Accomplishments - Chess Chess is as elaborate a waste of human intelligence as you can find outside an advertising agency. Raymond ChandlerUS detective novelist & screenwriter (1888 - 1959) Raymond Chandler’s views on waste aside, he and many others associate Chess with intelligence. "If you can't beat your computer at chess, try kickboxing.” Anon Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

35. TD Gammon Temporal Difference Learning Tesauro 1994 “It is quite true that rollout results from three backgammon playing computer programs (Expert Backgammon, TD-Gammon, and Jellyfish) have given us new insights into opening rolls and other phases of the game.” Kit Woolsey - 1995 Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

36. Better Jet Engines Ashley, Steven, "Engineous Explores the Design Space", Mechanical Engineering, February 1992, pp. 49-52. Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

37. Too Far Out Not to Think AI planner controls the Deep Space 1 space probe - NASA 1999 Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

38. Thinking Machines & CSU Darrell Whitley Genetic Algorithm & Search Charles Anderson Neural Nets & Reinforcement Learning Adele Howe Planning & Evaluation Ross Beveridge Computer Vision & Search Bruce Draper Computer Vision & Learning Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

39. Computer Vision - Faces People do it well. and how about machines? Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

40. CSU Face Recognition Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

41. Internet Agents - Metasearch Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

42. What is on your Mind Personal Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Ross Beveridge, April 2009

43. Can Machines Be Intelligent? • How would we know? Next few slides based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test

44. Alan Turing • British mathematician • “Father of modern computer science”

45. Alan Turing • British mathematician • “Father of modern computer science” • 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” which opens with the words “Can computers think?”

46. Alan Turing It turns out that that’s very hard to determine, so he chose an alternative:

47. Alan Turing • “Are there imaginable digital computers that would do well in the ‘imitation game’?”

48. Imitation Game [1] • Man and woman, separate rooms; both try to emulate the opposite gender while “judges” try to tell them apart while communicating only via typewritten slips of paper.

49. Imitation Game [2] • In this version the human “judge” tries to figure out which “player” is a human and which is a computer.

50. Turing Test