Enlightenment Thinkers and Deism's Influence

1. Unit 5 – The Era of Revolutions, Industry, and Neo-Imperialism 1750-1900 • Chapter 16 –Atlantic Revolutions and Nation-States - The Americas (The U.S., Canada, Latin America) • Chapter 17 – Industrial Revolution • Chapter 18 –Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa • Chapter 19 – Empires in Collusion Key Concepts: 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism 5.2 Imperialism and Nation-State Formation 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform 5.4 Global Migrations

2. The Renaissance (1350 – 1600) The Scientific Revolution (1600 – 1750) The Age of Enlightenment (1700 – 1800) Voltaire Rousseau Montesquieu

3. Characteristics of the Enlightenment • Educated Europeans began to use science as a basis for understanding and explaining things. • They believed reason and logic should be applied to solve society’s problems. • A revolution in philosophy produced a new generation of thinkers called philosophes who: • Passionately believed in Locke’s political philosophy • Backed Newton’s scientific theories • Believed in freedom of speech and disapproved of religious opposition to scientific ideas • Most philosophes were deists

4. History: The term "Deism" originally referred to a belief in one deity, as contrasted with the belief in no God (atheism) and belief in many Gods (polytheism). During the later 17th century, the meaning of "Deism" began to change. It referred to forms of radical Christianity - belief systems that rejected miracles, revelation, and the inerrancy of the Bible. Currently, Deism is not associated with Christianity or any other established religion. Then, as now, Deism is not a religious movement in the conventional sense of the word. There is no Deistic network of places of worship, a priesthood or hierarchy of authority. Deism was greatly influential among politicians, scientists and philosophers during the later 17th century and 18th century in England, France, German states and the United States.

5. Early Deism was a logical outgrowth of the great advances in astronomy, physics, and chemistry that had been made by Bacon, Copernicus, Galileo, etc. It was a small leap from a rational study of nature to the application of the same techniques in religion.   Early Deists believed that the Bible contained important truths, but they rejected the concept that it was divinely inspired or inerrant. They were leaders in the study of the Bible as a historical (rather than an inspired, revealed) document. Many thinkers and leaders of the Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions followed this belief system, including Rousseau and Voltaire. Among the U.S. founding fathers, John Quincy Adams, Ethan Allen, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Thomas Paine, and George Washington were all Deists. Deists played a major role in creating the principle of separation of church and state, and the religious freedom clauses of the First Amendment to our Constitution.

6. Examples of Enlightened Thinkers: • Voltaire – a French author who wrote plays, poetry, and many satires including his most famous work Candide. *Voltaire was a controversial figure; he spent time in the Bastille, a notorious Parisian prison, for mocking the French nobility and government, and the Catholic Church. He was eventually exiled from France. “He must be very ignorant for he answers every question he is asked.” “Many are destined to reason wrongly; others, not to reason at all; and others, to persecute those who do reason.” “I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – was a French philosopher of the Enlightenment, but he criticized the times and his contemporaries for relying too much on reason while forgetting about human instinct and emotion. 1. He believed humans were inherently good, but societies and institutions were corrupting forces. 2. He believed the goal of education was to preserve and foster this inherent goodness. 3. He wrote The Social Contract in 1762; in it, he argued that society placed too many limitations on people’s behavior, and any controls or laws should be imposed by freely elected governments. “Take the course opposite to custom and you will almost always do well.” “As soon as any man says of the affairs of the State ‘What does it matter to me?’ the State may be given up for lost.” “Man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains”

8. Baron de Montesquieu – a French aristocrat who criticized absolute monarchy; his most famous work is called The Spirit of Laws, in which he proposed that a separation of powers within the government would safeguard against tyranny and absolutism. This idea was adopted by the framers of the U.S. Constitution. • Mary Wollstonecraft – one of the first activists for women’s rights. In England, she spoke out for equal education at a time when ideas of equality and freedom were not applied to women. • Diderot – French philosophe who labored for 25 years to produce a 28 volume encyclopedia. *Diderot’s Encyclopedia included articles from leading intellectuals such as Montesquieu and Voltaire *Articles often denounced slavery, censorship, and divine right, while advocating freedom of speech and religion and education. *Diderot spent time in jail because of the Encyclopedia, and it was banned by the Catholic Church.

9. “The tyranny of a prince in an oligarchy is not so dangerous to the public welfare as the apathy of a citizen in a democracy.” -Montesquieu “The divine right of husbands, like the divine right of kings, may, it is hoped, in this enlightened age, be contested without danger.” -Mary Wollstonecraft “I do not wish women to have power over men, but over themselves.” -Mary Wollstonecraft

10. “Justice is the first virtue of those who command, and stops the complaints of those who obey.” -Diderot “Morals are in all countries the result of legislation and government; they are not African or Asian or European: they are good or bad.” -Diderot

11. Adam Smith – a Scottish physiocrat who advocated a free market economy, laissez-faire, and the law of supply and demand in his influential work The Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith is often referred to as the father of modern capitalism.

12. “Enlightenment and Revolution” Questions • What was at the core of the Enlightenment – what idea was the driving force behind this intellectual (and eventually political and social) movement? • How did some monarchs tailor these new ideas so their power structures would not fall (although eventually they would fall anyway)? • Summarize Voltaire’s argument regarding patriotism in your own words. Do you agree or disagree? • Summarize Voltaire’s argument on tolerance. Do you agree or disagree?

13. The Events leading to theAmerican Revolution • The French and Indian War (a.k.a. Seven Years’ War) 1754 – 1763 1. French settlers and various Native American tribes fought against British settlers and the Iroquois. 2. Fought in North America, Europe, and India (Remember, British and French East India Companies were competing for control in the Indian Ocean trade network) 3. The British won. The Treaty of Paris gave England control of most of North America, including Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River. France maintained control of a few Caribbean Islands, such as Haiti. *Some historians say this was really the first world war. It was fought on three continents, and at sea.

14. Although Britain won the French and Indian War, it drained money and resources. To increase revenue, the King of England, George III, and English Parliament began to tax the colonists in America – with the justification that the war was fought for their security. • The British government also tried to enforce the Navigation Acts, regulating trade activities in the colonies. This angered the colonists, who had enjoyed a degree of self-government and economic control of their own. • Remember the motto: no taxation without representation! • As time passed, more and more of the colonists began to advocate the idea of breaking away from England. Remember Thomas Paine’s essay “Common Sense.”

15. The Boston Massacre--1770

16. The Boston Tea Party - 1773

17. The AmericanRevolution:AQuickReview • Fought from 1775 – 1781, and was inspired by the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment. • The Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the war, was signed in 1783. • American forces used guerilla tactics to fight the much more powerful, professional, well equipped British Red Coats. • The fact that the colonists were familiar with the land was an advantage over the British. • Plus, the British had to send supplies, troops, etc. all the way across the Atlantic Ocean. • Plus, the colonists were fighting for something that was meaningful to them. • Many early battles were won by the Brits, but the battle of Saratoga, in New York, proved to be a turning point for the colonists. • After the Battle of Saratoga, the French sent aid to the American colonists, including the brilliant French General Lafayette

20. The U.S. Constitution was created to replace the Articles of Confederation in 1787 • Created a bicameral legislature • Created a FEDERAL system, meaning the states have certain powers but the federal, or national government has the ultimate authority and power over state governments. • Created separation of powers and gave each of the three branches the power to check and balance each other. • Created the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution

21. Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments 1st: Freedoms: Petition, Assembly, Speech, Press 2nd: Amendment: Right to bear arms3rd: Quartering of soldiers4th: Search and arrest5th: Rights in criminal cases6th: Right to a fair trial7th: Rights in civil cases8th: bail, fines, punishment9th: Rights retained by the People10th: States' rights

22. The French Revolution

23. Motivations and Causes • Inspired by success of American Revolution (1776 to 1783) • Ideas of Enlightenment philosophers such as Locke, Montesquieu, & Rousseau • Weak leadership, old feudal obligations and privileges, and a series of bad harvests also contributed to discontent

24. The Old Regime: The Three Estates • 1st – Clergy • 2nd – Nobility • Both had most privileges and paid no taxes.

25. The Third Estate 3rd - Bourgeoisie, urban workers, peasants • Made up about 97% of population • Paid taxes

26. Documentary Questions: The French Revolution • Describe a few of the economic and political problems France was facing in the late 18th century. • What led to the storming of the Bastille, and what happens to the Bastille afterwards? • Who was Robespierre, and how did he rise to prominence during the revolution? • Who was Jean-Paul Marat, and what role did he play in the revolution? • Why did the revolution become more and more radical? • What was Robespierre’s rationale or justification for the Reign of Terror and the violence that marked it?

27. Crane Brinton: Anatomy of a Revolution Discuss with a partner and record in your notebooks: • What are the three main stages of revolutions, according to Brinton? • What is Brinton’s “broad theorem,” and do you think the Arab Spring revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, etc. fit his theory? Why or why not? • Which “types” of revolutionaries do you think Robespierre, Marat, and Danton were? • Do you think the American Revolution follows the pattern laid out by Brinton? Why or why not?

28. Stage One- Moderate Phase(1789-1791) • Louis XVI calls a meeting of the Estates General. • At the meeting, the Third Estate separates from the 1st and 2nd Estates, and proclaim themselves the National Assembly. • The Tennis Court Oath • The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 • The Great Fear • Feudal dues, rights, and privileges are abolished. • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is written. The Storming of the Bastille

29. Parisian women march to Versailles and “escort” the royal family back to Paris. • The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is written. • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempt to flee, but are recognized and caught. Parisian Women March to Versailles

30. Stage Two – Radical Phase (1792-1794) • The Constitution of 1791is created, beginning stage 2, the most radical phase of the Revolution. • Tensions increase between the Revolutionary governments and European monarchies. • The Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria and Prussia in April of 1792. • The Jacobins take control of Paris. • The September Massacres take place. • Radicals take control of the Legislative Assembly, calling themselves the National Convention; they declare France to be a republic. • Louis XVI is executed in January of 1793. • War is declared on Britain, Spain, and Holland. • The Reign of Terror begins in June of 1793. Louis’s Execution

31. The Committee of Public Safety is Established; Robespierre takes power. • Marie Antoinette is executed. • The last foreign troops are driven from France, winter 1793. • Robespierre is executed; the Reign of Terror ends, and a period of reaction against radicalism begins. Stage Three (1795-1799) • The Directory is established, and the Constitution of 1795 is written. • Catholicism is restored. • Personal freedoms are restored. • Napoleon is given command of the French campaign in Italy. • Napoleon helps overthrow the Directory and takes the title “First Consul.” Maximilian Robespierre Napoleon Bonaparte

32. Napoleon’s Rise to Power and Empire (Stage 4) • Rose to power in the army during the Revolution • Gained recognition by winning battles against Austria and capturing territory in Italy • Helped overthrow the Directory in 1799; in 1802, Napoleon named himself First Consul; in 1804, he crowned himself emperor of the French • He used plebiscites to establish legitimacy in the eyes of the French people • Battles with the European powers continued, and Napoleon continued to add territory to his empire • Around 1810, at it’s height, Napoleon’s empire included the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, parts of Italy, and parts of Germany

33. Timeline of Napoleonic Europe • 1800 – Bank of France Established • 1801 – Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church • 1803 – The U.S. makes the Louisiana purchase • 1804 – Napoleonic Code Established • 1804 – Battle of Trafalgar • 1806 – Napoleon dissolves the Holy Roman Empire; the Continental System begins • 1812 – Russia breaks Continental System; Napoleon invades Russia • 1814 – Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the Island of Elba • 1815 – The Hundred Days (Napoleon escapes, re-establishes an army) • June 1815 – Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo, and exiled to the Island of St. Helena • 1821 - Napoleon dies

34. Napoleon on his Imperial throne (wearing a laurel leaf crown). Painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres in 1806.

36. Highlights of Napoleon’s Downfall • As a result of Continental System, Europeans blamed Napoleon for loss of trade, jobs, shortages of supplies, etc. Greatest impact was the tide of resentment against Napoleon. 2. Peninsular (Iberian) War (1808-1814) – Napoleon was defeated by the British; Spain and Portugal were lost and no longer under French control. 3. Russia (1812) - invaded it to enforce Continental System (b/c Russia traded with GB); lost a massive number of troops. (Invaded with 600,000 troops, retreated with about 120,000) 4. Prussian, Russian, and Austrian troops defeated him as he retreated out of Russia and back to France

37. The Russian Winter, The retreat from Moscow

38. Famous paintings of Jacques Louis David Assassination of Marat Napoleon in His Study

39. “The Death of Socrates”

40. Coronation of Empress Josephine

41. Comparison of the American and French Revolutions • War to overthrow government and form a new political system • Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • War for independence from colonial government • Declaration of Independence • Inspired by Enlightenment • Began in late 18th century

42. Write a thesis for the following comparison prompt. Compare the goals and outcomes of the American and French Revolutions.

43. The Congress of Vienna was an international conference that was called in order to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I. Many territorial decisions had to be made in the conference, which was held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1814 to June 1815. The main goal of the conference was to create a balance of power that would preserve the peace, while stopping the spread of liberal ideas and restoring rightful monarchies throughout Europe.

44. The Three Principle Goals: • Compensation • Legitimacy • Balance of power Led by Austrian diplomat Clemens von Metternich Political Climate: Reactionaries wanted to stop the spread of liberal ideas The Congress of Vienna-1815 The Quadruple Alliance pledged to create a balance of power (Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain) The Map was re-drawn: • Austria gained two Italian provinces • Prussia received French territory along the Rhine River • The Netherlands was re-established

46. The European map after the 1815 Congress of Vienna

47. **The decisions and actions of the European aristocracy at the Congress of Vienna did create stability and relative peace for a short time, but the tide of liberal and democratic ideas could not be stopped…By the 1830’s-40’s revolutions were again erupting in Europe...

48. Recap: Major Developments and Events in the West in the Early Modern Era • 16th Century (1500’s) – Beginning of Modern Era; exploration and global contacts increase • 17th Century (1600’s) – Colonial empires are built; European monarchies strengthen; Age of Absolutism; English Civil War challenges absolute monarchy • 18th Century (1700’s) – The Enlightenment; American Revolution; French Revolution; Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution • 19th Century (1800’s) – Romanticism emerges; liberal ideas spread; class conflicts intensify as a result of the Industrial Revolution; Nationalism increases; major social changes begin to take place, age of neo-imperialism begins

49. Ideologies of the Early 19th Century Conservativism: • The prevailing ideology at the Congress of Vienna • Wanted to re-establish the social and political structure of Europe before the French Revolution • Often appealed to rural peasants as well as the aristocracy • Favored an established, official religion - - -Catholic in Austria and Southern Europe -Protestant in Northern Europe -Orthodoxy in Eastern Europe • Believed that liberal ideas such as natural rights and popular sovereignty led to chaos and disorder • Sought to suppress revolutionary ideas

50. Liberalism: • Usually the educated middle class (bourgeoisie) favored liberal ideas • Wanted limited government, separation of government powers, natural rights, and elected leaders • Believed the right to vote should be limited to male land-owners • Supported laissez-faire economics