CLASSICAL GREECE ANCIENT ROME

1. CLASSICAL GREECE ANCIENT ROME UNIT THREE

2. GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE • LOCATION – Southeastern Europe • Made up many mountains,isolatedvalleys,smallislands

3. SEAS – link to the rest of the world 1.BLACK SEA - north 2. MEDITERRANEAN SEA - south 3. AEGEAN SEA - east 4.IONIAN SEA – west • SEAS important to TRAVELandTRADE • Greeks lacked natural resources – timber,precious metals, and usable farmland

4. MOUNTAINS • Coveredthree-fourthsof Greece • Divided Greece into different regions • Communities developed independent political units called: CITY-STATES

5. CITY-STATES • Main Political Unit in Ancient Greece • Also known as POLIS • POLISmade up of city and surrounding countryside • Parts of POLIS included: • ACROPOLIS– fortified hilltop for defense • AGORA – central gathering spot in the city – marketplace, theatres

7. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT • City-States had many different forms of government: 1. MONARCHY– rule by a king 2. ARISTOCRACY– rule by nobles 3. OLIGARCHY – rule by few powerful people 4.DEMOCRACY– rule by the people

9. EARLY GREECE • Early important Greek city was Mycenae • Mycenaeans fought a famous ten year war against the city of Troy • Trojans kidnapped Helen wife of Greek king starting TROJAN WAR • Without written records much of early Greek history was passed down through stories - most famous by Homer {Iliad, Odyssey} • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCXRxD85Xc0

10. ATHENS & SPARTA • 2 most Important CITY-STATESin Greece were: ATHENS & SPARTA • They both shared GREEK culture but developed different ways of life

11. SPARTA • SPARTA built a MILITARYstate – society revolved aroundPHYSICALtraining and the MILITARY • Spartan Government – OLIGARCHY(most had no VOICE– first loyalty/ DUTYwas to Sparta • Did not promote individual FREEDOM • Little progress in the ARTSandSCIENCES

12. ATHENS • 450B.C. – Athens developed first DEMOCRACY • Emphasized well-rounded EDUCATION– goal: sound MIND&BODY • Ideal citizen – EDUCATED, LOYAL, willing to be involved in government • Athenians also believed in STRONG healthy citizens

13. OLYMPICS • Most famous sports festival – OLYMPIC Games • Series of athletic competitions among city-states of Ancient Greece • Games honored ZEUS{father of all Greek Gods/Goddesses} • Games were held in OLYMPIA • Records first kept track in 776B.C. – Games ended in 394 A.D. {outlawed by the Romans} • Held every four years (there were 292 Ancient Olympic Games) • Basis for today’s modern day OLYMPIC GAMES

14. During the games - an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from their countries to the games in safety • Prizes for winners were wreaths of laurel leaves • Olympics also featured religious celebrations and artistic competitions • Statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world • Running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race, and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, pankration, and equestrian

15. PERSIAN WARS • Series of wars between GREECEandPERSIANEmpire • Greeks lived in IONIA {located in Anatolia} – Persians conquer • 498 - 493 B.C. - Athens helps Ionians rebel against Persians • Persians win but King Darius vows revenge on Athens • 490 B.C. Persians {25,000 men} sail across the AEGEANto attack Athens • Persians land at MARATHON

16. BATTLE AT MARATHON • 10,000Athenian Soldiers defeated the Persians • WHY? Athenian fighting formation – PHALANX, better prepared/trained, better equipment/uniforms • Persians lost 6,000 men; Athenians lost less than 200 men • Athenian messenger – PHEIDIPPIDES – ran the26miles from Marathon to Athens to inform the city of the victory {According to legend Pheidippides then collapsed and died} • This heroic act inspired the Marathon running race

19. GREEK PHALANX FORMATION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McwmRQUTfKk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEs8NMjhNh0

20. BATTLE AT THERMOPYLAE • 480B.C. Persians assemble ENORMOUSarmy • King Darius had died succeeded by son – XERXES • Persians take different route to invade Greece – came to a narrowpass at THERMOPLYAE • 7000Greeks {led by 300Spartans} stopped Persian advance for THREEdays • A traitor informs Persians about a secret path around the pass • Spartans send rest of Greeks back to Athens – all are 300 were killed

21. BATTLE AT THERMOPYLAE • Important – Spartans fierce RESISTANCEgave VALUABLEtime to prepare for a decisive battle that would determine the outcome of the war. • THEMISTOCLES– has Athenians evacuate the city – turn the war into a NAVAL battle • Xerxes arrives in Athens – burns city {destroyed Parthenon}

22. END OF PERSIAN WARS • The Greek victory at the battle of Salamis destroyed the Persian navy and forced Xerxes to retreat back to Asia. • The final battle took place a year later in 479 B.C. when a full-strength Spartan led Greek army defeated the Persians at the battle of Plataea ending the Persian wars. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ew4qCi--QY

23. PERSIAN XERXES IONIANS MARATHON SPARTANS 3 WEAPONS RETREAT GREEKS ATHENS REVENGE VICTORY NAVIES 26 SALAMIS

29. GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE • After defeat of PERSIANS – Greece entered a “GOLDEN AGE” • New heights in: DRAMA, POETRY, ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY • ATHENS leads the way in this “Golden Age” leader of Athens – PERICLES {ruled Athens from 460 – 429 B.C.}

30. GOALS OF PERICLES 1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy – introduced DIRECTdemocracy {citizens rule DIRECTLYnot through representatives – had to be a citizen – women, slaves,males under 18 were not} 2. Hold & Strengthen the Empire – helped organize the Delian League to protect Greece 3. GLORIFY Athens – best example – rebuilding of PARTHENON {23,000 foot building honoring goddess ATHENA}

33. PELOPONNESIAN WAR 431 – 404 B.C. • Athens grew in wealth, prestige, & power during the Golden Age • Resulted in a CIVILwar between Athens and SPARTA • Athens had a stronger navy - Sparta stronger army • Turning point in the war – plague struck Athens killing Pericles • SPARTAwas victorious but unable to UNITEall of Greece • Main Impact of the war – weakened Greece as a whole • Left it vulnerable and allowed it to be CONQUERED

36. GREEK PHILOSOPHERShttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2KzymrmNa0 • After the war many began to question values • Greek Thinkers tried to use OBSERVATION and REASON to understand why things happened • Greeks called these thinkers Philosophers “lovers of WISDOM” • There were 3 famous Greek Philosophers: 1. Socrates 2. Plato 3. Aristotle

37. SOCRATES

39. THE DEATH OF SOCRATES

40. ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE • The Peloponnesian War weakened Greece – Macedonia {north of Greece} invaded in 338B.C. –took control under King Philip II • 336 B.C. – Philip is murdered at his daughter’s wedding • Philip’s 20 year old son Alexander takes over • Alexander built a huge empire that included: *GREECE *PERSIA *EGYPT *parts of INDIA • Alexander becomes known as ALEXANDER THE GREAT

41. ALEXANDER THE GREAT • Alexander had been a student of ARISTOTLE • Alexander earned the title "the Great" due to his success as a military commander • He never lost a battle - despite typically being outnumbered • This was due to use of terrain - phalanx and cavalry tactics - bold strategy - fierce loyalty of his troops

42. WAR WITH PERSIA • Three Important Battles in war with Persia: • 334 B.C. Battle at Granicus • 333 B.C. Battle at Issue • 332 B.C. Battle at Gaugamela • Alexander The Great defeats Persian King Darius III • 332 B.C. conquered Egypt • 326 B.C. reached India • 323 B.C. Alexander dies at the age of 32

47. HELLENISTIC CULTURE • Alexander wanted: meld conquered cultures with Greeks “BEST of the BEST of the EAST with the WEST” {Alexander himself took a Persian wife} Period of mixing cultures (cultural DIFFUSION) became known as the HELLENISTIC AGE HELLENISTIC CULTURE mixture of: Egyptian, Greek, Persian, Indian Center of Hellenistic world: ALEXANDRIA, Egypt

48. HELLENISTIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS • ASTRONOMY – Sun is bigger than Earth • MATHEMATICS – Euclid’s Geometry; Archimedes’ value of pi, Pythagorean Theorem • PHYSICS – use of lever/pulley • PHILSOPHY – Stoicism: people should live virtuous lives • ART – sculpture: Colossus of Rhodes