Genius Sacrificed for Failure

1. Genius Sacrificed for Failure Unit 8 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

2. Part 1 Listening & Speaking Activities Brainstorming Listening Speaking

3. Brainstorming Expressions for work/ jobs for men/ women Expressions for trades & professions Expressions for equality/ inequality Conventional ways of describing sex differences Expressions for social responsibilities

4. Expressions for work/ jobs for men/ women steelworkers, coal miners, secretary, lawyer, doctor, nurse, teacher, dean, supervisor, farmer, technician, shop-assistant, accountant, cashier, director, manager, actor, (the term actress is no longer used due to it’s sexist angle), model, waiter, waitress, servant, maid, gardener, cleaner, musician, composer, construction worker, writer, reporter, journalist, cook, salesman, saleswoman, policeman, policewoman, driver • Expressions for trades & professions sports, academia, education, science, politics, farming, business, trade, medicine, manual labor, journalism, advertising, the army, the police, industry, banking, transportation

5. Expressions for equality/ inequality equal opportunity, equality of opportunity, equal representation of male and female, gender equality, sex discrimination, sexual equality/inequality, racial discrimination, social bias, equal rights, equal advantages, equal pay, equal citizenship, special treatment, preferential policies, treat people as equals, on equal footing • Conventional ways of describing sex differences women: emotional, gentle, sympathetic, warm, tender, loving, caring, timid, fragile, weak, gossipy, wordy, mouthy, talkative, submissive, vain, nagging (of husband or children) men: reasonable, sensible, logical, informative, brief, practical, ambitious, down to earth, strong-willed, mechanical-minded, tacit, rough, aggressive, rude, selfish, self-centered, chauvinistic, arrogant

6. Expressions for social responsibilities looking after a family, bring up/rear (children), educate, support (a family), breadwinner, mutual help, in charge of, leadership, lead, manage, run/manage, assist

7. The Sexism in English & Chinese Languages As Seen in the Social, Historical, Cultural Perspectives The Old Testament ——Genesis 耶和华神用地上的尘土造人，将生气吹在他鼻孔里，他就成了有灵的活人，名叫亚当。 耶和华神就用那人身上所取的肋骨，造成一个女人，领她到那人跟前。 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. …… And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. …… 耶和华神用土所造成的野地各样走兽和空中各样飞鸟都带到那人面前，看他叫什么。那人怎样叫各样的活物，那就饲它的名字。 “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal…” 那人说，这是我骨中的骨，肉中的肉，可以称她为女人，因为她是从男人身上取出来的。 我们坚守着这些不言而喻的真理，那就是人生而平等 Declaration of Independence 耶和华神说，那人独居不好，我要为他造一个配偶帮助他。 耶和华神使他沉睡，他就睡了。于是取下他的一条肋骨，又把肉合起来。

8. The Sexism in English & Chinese Languages As Seen in the Social, Historical, Cultural Perspectives “在性格方面，女人、小孩子都爱撒娇，爱耍小孩子脾气，你过于娇惯他了，他就不知道保持自己应有的仪态、仪表了，对你不那么尊敬了，而你过于疏远他了，他又心生抱怨，觉得你对他不好了。在这一方面的表现，就和小人差不多。” 子贡曰：“君子亦有恶乎？”子曰：“有恶。”“恶称人之恶者，恶居下流而讪上者，恶勇而无礼者，恶果敢而窒者。”曰：“赐亦有恶乎？”“恶徼以为知者，恶不孙以为勇者，恶讦以为直者。”子曰：“唯女子与小人为难养也。近之则不孙，远之则怨。”子曰：“年四十而见恶矣，其终也已。” 无子是在妻子五十岁以后才有效，即过了生育期，而此时男方一般有妾生的子女，休妻很难出现 妒忌实际是指自己不生育又不许丈夫纳妾的那种妒忌。 恶疾是指耳聋、眼瞎、腿残疾等疾病。 口多言指拨弄是非，离间亲属。 是指结婚时女方父母健在，休妻时已去世，原来的大家庭已不存在，休妻等于是无家可归。 ——《论语。阳货》 “七出”： 《大戴礼记》－－“妇有七去：不顺父母去，无子去，淫去，妒去，有恶疾去，多言去，窃盗去” “三不去”： 《大戴礼记》－－“妇有三不去：有所取无所归，不去；与更三年丧，不去；前贫贱后富贵，不去” 和丈夫一起为父亲或母亲守孝三年的不能被休。 结婚时贫穷，后来富贵的。

9. The Sexism in English & Chinese Languages As Seen in the Social, Historical, Cultural Perspectives 如果夫君不幸先己而去，就要坚持好自己的本份，想办法扶养小孩长大成人，并尊重自己子女的生活理念。 意思是说女孩子在未出嫁之前要听从家长的教诲，不要胡乱地反驳长辈的训导，因为长辈们的社会见识丰富，有根本性的指导意义 出嫁之后要礼从夫君，与丈夫一同持家执业、孝敬长辈、教育幼小 “三从”，是指：未嫁从父，既嫁从夫，夫死从子。 “四德”是指：德、容、言、工 就是说做女子的，第一要紧是品德，能正身立本；然后是相貌（指出入要端庄稳重持礼，不要轻浮随便，）、言语（指与人交谈要会随意附义，能理解别人所言，并知道自己该言与不该言的语句）和治家之道（治家之道包括相夫教子、尊老爱幼、勤俭节约等生活方面的细节）。

10. Listening Women and society New Words & Phrases Questions • Write down one of the examples of the sexist languages Mr. Wright gives. Sexist language: the use of words/prases that reflects the inequalities between men and women e.g. the human race is referred to as mankind, or the person in charge of a board of directors is called Chairman of the Board, even when this is a woman. Everybody loves his family. (People tend to use his for both men and women in this type of situation.) enlightened age: characterized by modern, and civilized attitudes toward life • Why doesn’t Mr. Wright think that it is an enlightened age as it is supposed to be? The word “men” in “All men are created equal” is used to include women. Or: “He” is sometimes used to include “she”. Or: The use of “Mrs.” Or “Miss” to indicate the marital status of women while “Mr.” can cover both married and single men, keeping the same name. Or: The use of “Kingdom” but not “Queendom” when a Queen is ruling. • Write down one of the ideas held by some men which Mr. Wright thinks is “non-sense”. Mr. Wright believes that sex discrimination still exists and men still carry on a gender war against women. Some men look down on women as they continue to regard women as second-rate citizens. • According to Mr. Wright, what would happen if women were in control of international negotiations? And why? There are many jobs women can’t do, or can’t do well. Or: Women are unreliable and irrational. Or: Women depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition and instinct to arrive at decisions. Or: Women are not capable of thinking clearly. According to Mr. Wright, there would be more peace and fewer wars if women were in control of international negotiations because women are more peace loving than men.

11. Speaking List changes you have observed that have resulted in improved gender equality • In the methods of production: • _____________________________________________________________________ • 2. Feminist movement: • _____________________________________________________________________ • 3. Education: • _____________________________________________________________________ • 4. Social environment: Modern education has also helped improve the gender equalities in China. According to laws parents should send children of both sexes to school for education. Chinese society has made many efforts to promote gender equality, for example, gender requirements for the posts in government at different levels, more equal gender representation in the People’s Congress at each level, and wives are encouraged to pursue their own careers instead of becoming housewives. The development of science and technologies is one of the factors that have helped to wipe out gender inequalities. More and more people don’t depend on manual labor to make a living. So the physical power of men is no longer an advantage over women. The development has also changed the way in which people make a living. In an agricultural society labor was critical for producing wealth, but in modern society wealth production is becoming more and more an intellectual, rather than a physical processes. In many countries there were feminist movements for the equalities between men and women. Women first became involved in politics in their fight for universal suffrage (the right for both men and women to vote) at the beginning of the 20th century.

12. Part 2 Reading Comprehension & Language Activities Speaking Pre-reading task Text

13. the Three Brontë Sisters Brontë, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë, Anne

14. Brontë, Charlotte • Life • Work Jane EyreThe book's narrator and main character, Jane Eyre, is an orphan and is governess to the ward of Mr. Rochester, the Byronic and enigmatic employer with whom she falls in love. Her love is reciprocated, but on the wedding morning it comes out that Rochester is already married and keeps his mad and depraved wife in the attics of his mansion. Jane leaves him, suffers hardship, and finds work as a village schoolmistress. When Jane learns, however, that Rochester has been maimed and blinded while trying vainly to rescue his wife from the burning house that she herself had set afire, Jane seeks him out and marries him. The novel is subtitled AnAutobiography and is written in the first person; but, except in Jane Eyre's impressions of Lowood, the autobiography is not Charlotte's. Her father was Patrick Brontë (1777–1861), an Anglican clergyman. Irish-born, he had changed his name from the more commonplace Brunty. After serving in several parishes, he moved with his wife, Maria Branwell Brontë, and their six small children to Haworth amid the Yorkshire moors in 1820, having been awarded a rectorship there. Soon after, Mrs. Brontë and the two eldest children (Maria and Elizabeth) died, leaving the father to care for the remaining three girls—Charlotte, Emily, and Anne—and a boy, Patrick Branwell. Their upbringing was aided by an aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, who left her native Cornwall and took up residence with the family at Haworth. Charlotte Brontë, detail of chalk drawing by George Richmond, 1850; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

15. Brontë, Emily • Life • Work Wuthering Heights It is distinguished from other novels of the period by its dramatic and poetic presentation, its abstention from all comment by the author, and its unusual structure. It recounts in the retrospective narrative of an onlooker, which in turn includes shorter narratives, the impact of the waif Heathcliff on the two families of Earnshaw and Linton in a remote Yorkshire district at the end of the 18th century. Embittered by abuse and by the marriage of Cathy Earnshaw —who shares his stormy nature and whom he loves—to the gentle and prosperous Edgar Linton, Heathcliff plans a revenge on both families, extending into the second generation. Cathy's death in childbirth fails to set him free from his love-hate relationship with her, and the obsessive haunting persists until his death; the marriage of the surviving heirs of Earnshaw and Linton restores peace. pseudonym Ellis Bell English novelist and poet who produced but one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative novel of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. Emily was perhaps the greatest of the three Brontë sisters, but the record of her life is extremely meagre, for she was silent and reserved and left no correspondence of interest, and her single novel darkens rather than solves the mystery of her spiritual existence. The sisters also published jointly a volume of verse, Poems by Currer, Ellis And Action Bell. It contained 21 of Emily's poems, and a consensus of later criticism has accepted the fact that Emily's verse alone reveals true poetic genius. The venture cost the sisters about £50 in all, and only two copies were sold. Emily Brontë, painting by Patrick Branwell Brontë, 1833.

16. Brontë, Anne • Life • Work pseudonym Acton Bell English poet and novelist, author of Agnes Grey (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848), generally considered less brilliant than the novels of her two sisters, Charlotte and Emily Brontë. Her first novel, Agnes Grey, was published together with Emily's Wuthering Heights in three volumes in December 1847. The reception to these volumes, associated in the public mind with the immense popularity of Charlotte's Jane Eyre (October 1847), led to quick publication of Anne's second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, published in three volumes in June 1848; it sold well. She fell ill with tuberculosis toward the end of the year and died the following May. Her novel Agnes Grey, probably begun at Thorpe Green, records with limpidity and some humour the life of a governess. George Moore called it “simple and beautiful as a muslin dress.” The Tenant of Wildfell Hall presents an unsoftened picture of a young man's debauchery and degradation and sets against it her Arminian belief, opposed to Calvinist predestination, that no soul shall be ultimately lost. Brontë, Anne，born Jan. 17, 1820, Thornton, Yorkshire, Eng. died May 28, 1849, Scarborough, Yorkshire

17. Jane Eyre

18. Wuthering Heights

19. Genius Sacrificed for Failure By William N. Brown Jim sacrificed a television career to stay home with his kids. A mother will sacrifice her life for her children. e.g. I could sacrifice a great deal for a cause. 母亲会为自己的孩子操劳一生的。 吉姆牺牲了电视职业回家陪他的孩子。 我能够为一个动机做出巨大牺牲。 1.During my youth in America’s Appalachian mountains, I learned that farmers preferred sons over daughters, largely because boys were better at heavy farm labour. With only 3% of Americans in agriculture today, brain has supplantedbrawn, yet cultural preferences, like bad habits, are easier to make that break. But history warns repeatedly of the tragic cost of dismissing too casually the gifts of the so-called weaker sex. 2. About 150 years ago, a village church vicarin Yorkshire, England, had three lovely, intelligent daughters but his hopes hinged entirely on the sole male heir, Branwell, a youth with remarkable talent in both art and literature. 3.Branwell’s father and sisters hoarded their pennies to pack him off to London’s Royal Academy of Arts, but if art was his calling, he dialed a wrong number. Within weeds he hightailedit home, a penniless failure. sacrificevtto willingly stop having sth you want or doing sth you like in order to get sth more important 牺牲；献出sacrifice sth for sth; sacrifice sth to do sth The work requires brain as well as brawn. e.g. 这项工作既要花体力, 也要花脑力。 e.g. She's been supplanted in her aunt's affections by her brother. Trams in London have been supplanted by buses. 她在她姑母心中的地位已被她兄弟取代了。 伦敦的电车已经由公共汽车取代了。 brawn[u] physical strength, especially when compared with intelligence 体力 hinge on/upon sth if a result hinges on sth, it depends on it completely （行动结果等）有赖于；取决于 supplantvt. to take the place of a person or thing so that they are no longer used, no longer in a position of power etc 取代；替代（尤指老者或落后于时代的事物）-synonymreplace e.g. dismissed the meeting/ to dismiss a class The boss threatened to dismiss all the employees who had expressed their sympathy for the strike, but it's all bluff. He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic. 他只是置之一笑，认为我的提议不切实际而不予考虑。 老板威胁说要解雇所有同情罢工的员工,但是这不过是恐吓而已。 hoardalsohoard upvt. to collect and save large amounts of food, money etc, especially when it is not necessary to do so （钱、食物、贵重物品等的）贮藏，囤积；（尤指）秘藏 2)to remove someone from their job 解雇；免职；开除 ￚsynonymfire, sackdismiss sb from sth The fate of the project hinges on the decision of the council. His political future hinges on the outcome of this election. e.g. 他的政治前途取决于这次选举的结果。 e.g. 这项工程的命运取决于委员会的决定。 1) to refuse to consider someone's idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important 不予考虑；对…不屑一提；(从头脑中)去除；摒弃（思想、感情等）dismiss (sb/sth as sth) 3)formalto tell someone that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed 让（某人）离开；把（某人）打发走；解散 e.g. She hoards her money — she never spends it. Is it better to spend your money today or hoard every penny in the bank for tomorrow? 布朗威尔的父亲和姐姐们用全家所有积蓄把布朗威尔送到了伦敦皇家艺术学院。如果说艺术是他的目的地，那么他搭错了车。去了几周后他就仓皇逃回家了，毫无收获地的失败了。 pack sb/sth off (to…)informal to send someone to stay somewhere for a period of time 把…打发走 我巴不得他马上滚蛋。 My parents used to pack us off to camp every summer. e.g. I wish he would pack himself off. 现在就把钱花掉好,还是把所有的钱存入银行以备将来之用好? e.g. 我父母过去每个夏天都回打发我去露营。 hightail itinformalto leave a place quickly [口]迅速离开；奔跑; 迅速逃走 e.g. 孩子们骑着自行车沿着街道迅速逃跑。 kids hightailing it down the street on their bikes.

20. Genius Sacrificed for Failure landvt.informal to succeed in getting a job, contract etc that was difficult to get 成功得到；赢得；捞到（许多人想得到的工作） free sb (up) to do sth to give someone time to do sth by taking away other jobs that they have to do 使能腾出时间 By William N. Brown He was lucky to land a good job. 他刚得到一个机会，在斯皮尔伯格执导的下一部电影里担任主角。 e.g.他很幸运,找到一份好工作。 He’s just landed a starring role in Spielberg’s next movie. e.g. Taking away the burden of administration will free teachers to concentrate on teaching. to send work to other people instead of doing it yourself 把工作包给（某人）; 包出;将...包给别人 farm sb/sth↔ out to e.g.我们要做的事太多了,因此包出一些给别人。 They may farm out highly specialized operations to other factories. squelchvt. American English to stop sth from continuing to develop or spread 制止；雅致；遏制；限制-synonymsquash 除去管理的重担将使老师们腾出时间来教学。 Winning the prize freed him to paint full-time. e.g. 获奖使他能腾出时间整天作画。 4. Hopes still high, the family landed Branwell a job as a private tutor, hoping this would free him to develop his literature skills and achieve the success and fame that he deserved. Failure again. 5.For years the selfless sisters squelched their own goals, farming themselves out as teachers and governesses in support of their increasingly indebted brother, convinced that the world must eventually recognize his genius.As failures multiplied, Branwell turned to alcohol, then opium, and eventually died as he had lived a failure. So died hope in the one male --- but what of the three anonymous sisters? 6. During Branwell’s last years, the girls published a book of poetry at their own expense under a pseudonym, for fear of reviewers’ bias against females. Even Branwell might have snickered: they sold only 2 copies. 制止谣言/ 镇压罢工/ 控制火势的传播 We had too much work to do, so we farmed some out. e.g. to squelch a rumor/ strike/ fire 他们可以把高度专门化的工作外包给其他厂家。 几年来三位无私的姐妹埋没了自己的理想，相信布朗威尔的天分终会被认可的，于是作家教做老师赚钱来供给她们那位负债日益俱增的弟弟。一次一次的失败后，布朗威尔开始酗酒，吸毒而最后以一位失败者死去——如同他生前是一位失败者一样。如此以来，对这个唯一的男丁的希望破灭了，但那三位默默无闻的姐妹又怎么样了呢？ She asked us not to be noisy for fear ofwaking the baby. I had to run away for fear (that ) he might one day kill me. e.g. 我只好逃走，生怕他有一天把我杀了。 她要我们别吵闹,惟恐吵醒婴儿。 for fear (that) /for fear of sth because you are worried that you will make sth happen 唯恐；以免（发生危险）；免得…起见 for fear of doing sth

21. Genius Sacrificed for Failure undaunted not afraid of continuing to try to do sth in spite of difficulties or danger 顽强；百折不挠；坚强不屈 undaunted by pour sth ↔ out if you pour out your thoughts, feelings etc, you tell someone all about them, especially because you feel very unhappy 毫无保留地表达感情（或思想等）；表露无遗；畅所欲言 By William N. Brown e.g. Undaunted, the couple spent two weeks reconverting the office into a bedroom and applied to another lender. 夫妇二人并不气馁，花两个星期的时间把办公室再改回来做卧室，然后向另外一家申请贷款。 Undaunted by his first setback, he decided to try once more. e.g. 不为最初的失败而动摇,他决定再试一次。 e.g. She poured out her troubles to me over a cup of coffee. 她一面喝着咖啡，一面向我倾吐着她的烦恼。 7.Undaunted, they continued in their spare time, late at night by candlelight, to pour out their pent-up emotion, writing of what they knew best, of women in conflict with their natural desires and social condition --- in reality, less fiction than autobiography! And 19th century literature was transformed by Anne’s Agnes Grey, Emily’s Wuthering Heights, and Charlotte’s Jane Eyre. 8. But years of sacrifice for Branwell had taken their toll. Emily took ill at her brother’s funeral and died within 3 months, aged 29; Anne died 5 months later, aged 30; charlotte lived only to age 39. If only they had been nurtured instead of sacrificed. toll[c] a very bad effect that something has on sth or someone over a long period of time 产生恶果；造成重大损失（或伤亡、灾难等）take a heavy toll (on sb/sth) | take its toll (on sb/sth) 多年来被压抑的愤怒和挫折感 e.g. years of pent-up anger and frustration pent-up adj. pent-up feelings or energy have not been expressed or used for a long time（感情、精力等）压抑的；积压的 e.g. 这些观念有许多看上去似乎相互矛盾。 e.g. It is a statement in conflict with other evidence. Many of these ideas appear to be in conflict with each other. 这一陈述与其他证词不一致。 conflict[u & c] a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc 抵触；矛盾；不一致 in conflict with与...抵触; 同...相冲突 e.g. 长年累月的抽烟对他的健康造成了极大的损害。 Years of smoking have taken their tollon his health. The accident took a heavy tollon lives. e.g. 事故中人员伤亡惨重。 但是她们并没退怯，在空余时间里仍笔耕不辍甚至挑灯夜战挥洒她们积蓄的热情，记录下了现实生活中她们熟知的事物和挣扎于自身欲望与社会现状中的女性—¬而这些更象是她们的自传而非虚构的小说。此后安的《 爱格尼斯•格雷 》，艾米莉的《呼啸山庄》和夏洛特的《简爱》使十九世纪文学界发生了翻天覆地的变化。

22. Genius Sacrificed for Failure 她们被葬送的才华向我们警示着当今社会中我们在衡量孩子的时候不应以他们的体力，性别为标准，这如同我们在衡量那些仅仅是驮畜一样；而是以他们正直的品质，坚韧的毅力，奉献的精神和无畏的勇气为准—因为女孩子同男孩子一样拥有饱满的意志品质。 By William N. Brown 9.No one remembers Branwell’s name, much less his art or literature, but the Brontë sisters’ tragically short lives teach us even more of life than of literature. Their sacrificed genius cries out to us that in modern society we must value children not for their physical strength or gender, as we would any mere beast of burden, but for their integrity, strength, commitment, courage --- spiritual qualities abundant in both boys and girls. 10. Patrick Brontë fathered Branwell, but more important, he fathered Anne, Emily and Charlotte. Were he alive today he would surely urge us to put away our passé prejudices and avoid his own tragic and irrevocable error of putting all of his eggs in one male basket! 如果他还活着，他必定会敦促我们摈弃成见，避免像他那样一心只望子成龙的悲剧和无法更改的错误重现。

23. multiply 五乘四得二十。 我们越向山顶攀爬,危险和困难越是倍增。 a. vi.& vt. to increase by a large amount or number, or to make sth do this 成倍增加；迅速增加 e.g. Four multiplied by five is twenty. e.g. As we climbed up the mountain, the dangers and difficulties multiplied. e.g. Friendships multiply joys and divide griefs. e.g. Rabbits multiply quickly. e.g. 多买彩票, 增加你中奖的机会. 自去年以来我们的问题增多了。 b. a. 友谊增进欢乐,分担忧愁。 a. b.vi. & vt. to a calculation in which you add a number to itself a particular number of times乘,使相乘 兔子繁殖很快。 c. Buy lots of raffle tickets and multiply your chances of success. c.vi. & vt. to breed繁殖 Our problems have multiplied since last year.

24. anonymous a.done, sent, or given by someone who does not want their name to be known匿名的;姓氏不明的 这本书出自无名氏之手。 e.g. An anonymous author wrote this book. e.g. We received an anonymous letter. e.g. the anonymous buildings b.(of a person 人) with a name that is not known or that is not made public 不知姓名的；名字不公开的 a. 我们收到一封匿名信。 b. c. 外观千篇一律的楼房 c.writtenuninteresting in features or qualities - used to show disapproval无特色的,无个性特征的

25. Part 3 Extended Activities Dictation Read more Translation

26. Dictation Women’s low social position is a serious problem. It is evident in almost every aspect of social life. Even our language often gives us the false impression that women simply don’t exist. For example, once the word man meant person or human being. But the word man has gradually become more specific in meaning and is now a synonym for an adult male human being only. In the words of a popular dictionary for children, a boy grows up to be a man. Father and Uncle George are both men. This is the meaning that we understand because we hear the word man used in everyday speech in this way from childhood. Later we learn that the word man has another meaning, but we do not accept it with the same certainty. Studies of college students and school children show that phrases like economic man and political man or man is a dreamer create an image of males only, not females or males and females together. Furthermore, we have become aware that conventional English usage often minimizes the achievements, the contributions and sometimes the very presence of women.

27. Read More gratev.~ (on/ with sb) to irritate or annoy sb 使人烦躁；使人烦恼；使人难受 e.g. Her voice really grates on me. 当有人暗示他不是地道的英国人时，他很是恼火。 hint[usually sing]~ (of sth) a small amount of sth 少许；少量 -synonymtrace overrun [often passive] (especially of sth bad or not wanted 尤指坏事或不欲之事) to fill or spread over an area quickly, especially in large numbers 泛滥；横行；肆虐 e.g. The house was completely overrun with mice. carpool合伙用车的一伙人（一群各自都有汽车的人每次轮流开一辆车送大家上班） 她的声音真刺耳。 It grated with him when people implied he wasn’t really British. 这房子简直成了老鼠的天下。

28. Read More keep/ lose track of sb/sth to have/ not have information about what is happening or where sb/ sth is 了解/不了解…的动态；与…保持/失去联系 e.g. I lost all track of time (= forgot what time it was). 我一点儿也说不准现在是什么时间。

29. Translation • I prefer spring to autumn though I love both seasons. • I believe that electric cars will one day supplant petrol-driven ones. • They warned him of the danger of climbing the Himalayas, but he wouldn’t listen. • The teacher told his students that their future prospects hinged on their education. • Everybody thinks that she deserved the award Best Actress of the Year. • Every time the girl came across a problem, she would turn to her mother for a solution, rather than trying to solve it herself. • After her husband died, she continued to nurture her three daughters. • It seems that a lot of people learn English less as a practical language than for its grammar.