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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. Psychological disorder: a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

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  1. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Psychological disorder: a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior → If we all exhibit occasional signs of abnormal behavior, how is it decided if we have a psychological disorder or not?

  2. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Criteria for identifying disorders include: 1. Is the behavior deviant (violate social norms)? 2. Is the behavior maladaptive (disrupt everyday life)? 3. Does the behavior cause significant personal distress?

  3. THE MEDICAL MODEL A formal diagnosis and treatment of a psychological disorder is made by a mental health professional based on a perspective known as the medical model: → this concept states that psychological disorders are illnesses with physical causes (etiology) and symptoms that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured

  4. THE MEDICAL MODEL Criticisms of the medical model include: 1. Being labeled mentally ill involves a profound social stigma 2. Deviant behavior is a social issue, not a medical one 3. Unlike physical illnesses which have objective criteria, mental health diagnoses involve value judgments based on culture, era, etc.

  5. CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS The common system for classifying disorders is the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) → the most recent edition is the DSM 5 released in 2013 (our book uses the old DSM IV)

  6. CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Significant changes to the new DSM include: 1. Removal of the Axis system (as described on pp. 605-606 and in Figures 15.3 and 15.4) 2. Folding of different schizophrenia types into one type with many symptoms 3. Multiple category reorganizations, additions and renaming

  7. ANXIETY DISORDERS The DSM IV category of Anxiety Disorders has been split into three: Anxiety Disorders, Trauma and Stress Related Disorders, and Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders → Anxiety disorders are psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

  8. ANXIETY DISORDERS Types of anxiety disorders: 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder is when a person (more commonly female) is continually tense, apprehensive and aroused (autonomic) w/no identifiable cause → symptoms include excessive worry, trembling, sweating, dizziness, etc.

  9. ANXIETY DISORDERS 2. Panic disorders are marked by sudden, unpredictable, but brief, episodes of intense dread and terror as well as other symptoms of anxiety → usually involves excessive worry over next attack 3. Agoraphobia is the fear or avoidance of situations (public/open places) where a person has felt loss of control or panic

  10. ANXIETY DISORDERS 4. Specific phobiasare marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation → social anxiety disorder is a phobia involving an intense fear of being scrutinized by others

  11. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDERS The category of Obsessive Compulsive and related Disorders includes OCD itself, hoarding disorder, Body Dysmorphic disorder, and Trichotillomania → OCD the disease is characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

  12. TRAUMA AND STRESS RELATED DISORDERS The main disorder in this category is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (formerly known as ‘shellshock’ or ‘battle fatigue’): haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering long after the traumatic experience

  13. TRAUMA AND STRESS RELATED DISORDERS → usually associated with war, PTSD has many causes, including rape/assault, accident, natural disaster, etc. and is strongly influenced by degree of distress at time of trauma event

  14. ETIOLOGY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS The Biological Perspective Genetic predispositions to anxiety disorders have been suggested via twin/family studies; while some with sensitive temperaments are simply more anxious than others → genes can influence neurotransmitters related to anxiety including serotonin, GABA, and glutamate

  15. ETIOLOGY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS The Learning Perspective Classical conditioning can explain how a neutral stimulus (fuzzy animal) can be paired with a scary stimulus (noise) and become a conditioned stimulus (which can be generalized) creating anxiety

  16. ETIOLOGY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS → operant conditioning can explain how avoidant response behaviors can be negatively reinforced by removing anxiety

  17. ETIOLOGY OF ANXIETY DISORDERS Martin Seligman’s evolutionary-based idea of preparedness explains why we fear certain threats (snakes, enclosed spaces) faced by our ancestors, but not more modern ones → finally, the cognitive view suggests that some people are more prone to subjectively and selectively attend to what they think is threatening

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