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Organic Nomenclature

Organic Nomenclature. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS. Drawing structures : complete structural diagram condensed structural diagram line structure. Alkanes A type of aliphatic hydrocarbons with saturated (_____________) straight chain of __________ atoms. General Formula.

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Organic Nomenclature

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  1. Organic Nomenclature ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

  2. Drawing structures: • complete structural diagram • condensed structural diagram • line structure

  3. Alkanes • A type of aliphatic hydrocarbons with saturated (_____________) straight chain of __________ atoms General Formula

  4. To name an alkane: Prefixes: 1- meth 2- eth 3- prop 4- buta 5- penta 6- hexa 7- hepta 8- octa 9- nona 10 – deca • count the # of C atoms on a straight chain • select the appropriate prefix • add suffix –ane • Example: Heptane

  5. Examples

  6. Branched Alkanes Isomers – molecules with the same _________ ____________, but different __________ ____________. Alkyl group – a branch of atoms that are not part of the longest carbon chain. The names of these end in “__yl”

  7. Naming Step-by-Step • Find the longest chain • # the C’s (starting at either end) so that the branch/highest priority piece has the smallest # possible • Label the branches with the alkyl name and C # • With more than one alkyl group place them in alpha-order in the name. Always go for the lowest # combo when #ing multiple groups

  8. Examples

  9. Examples – Draw it! 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane 2,4,6-trimethyloctane

  10. Alkenes & Alkynes • Alkenes = ________ bond, name ends in “- ” • Alkynes = ________ bond, name ends in “- ” • Same naming pattern as the alkyl groups: • Find the longest carbon chain • # C’s starting from the end with the closest to the double/triple bond – these bonds take priority over alkyl groups!! • # - prefix__ne • # shows where special bond is.

  11. Examples

  12. Examples – Draw it! propene 1,3-pentadiene Or 1,3-pentdiene

  13. Cyclics • Carbon chains that form a complete loop. • Generally this happens with __, ___or more carbons – why are >4 C’s not as stable?... • Naming • Cycloprefix __ne

  14. Examples cyclohexane 1,3-cyclohexadiene 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane

  15. Special cases! Unsaturated vs Saturated saturated = all the carbons have the max # of H atoms ie _____________ unsaturated: alkenes/ynes

  16. Unsaturated Isomers: • Alkenes are rigid around the dblbond. • This leads to a form of isomerism • Structural isomers – same formula, different structure • Stereoisomer – a type of structural isomer that involves a rotation around a double bond • = ___ or ____ distinction Model kits!!

  17. CisvsTrans trans-2-pentene 2-methyl-1-butene cis-2-pentene Why is this not needed for “ynes”?

  18. Practice – try these

  19. Special cases!don’t need to know these – but GTK Alkyl groups with more than 2 C’s - can be added in more than one way n-propyl iso-propyl

  20. Special cases! – 4C’sdon’t need to know these s-butyl or sec-butyl n-butyl iso-butyl t-butyl or tert-butyl

  21. GET READY FOR… Assignment #1

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