Close Reading

1. Close Reading Intermediate II

2. General Advice • Read the whole passage through first before attempting Questions • Use bullet points for answers • Remember you may be able to start answers with ‘Because…’ • Revise and learn techniques off by heart • Be aware of marks available for each question

3. ‘In Your Own Words’ Questions Qin Shi Who? My reaction entirely. I had heard of the Terracotta Army, of course. I had even seen some of them when a vanguard of warriors came to London in the 1980s. But I couldn’t have told you who Qin Shihuangdi (pronounced Chin Shur Hwang Dee) was. Even if you’d said he was the First Emperor of China, I’d have had only the haziest recollection of what you were talking about. • 1. Looking in the opening paragraph (lines 1–5) for your answer, explain in your own words what the writer’s original “reaction” to the name Qin Shihuangdi was.

4. Answer • He had never/barely heard of him/puzzlement (1)

5. Qin chariots had an improved design of smaller wheels with more spokes that provided greater stability and durability. The width of axles was made uniform, a seemingly small innovation with massive repercussions: the chariots could ride relatively smoothly down the same ruts in the road and so avoid churning up the entire highway. • 2. Explain in your own words two of the consequences of the improvements Qin made to his war chariots (see lines 24–26).

6. Answer • Glosses of: • “stability” e.g. firmness/solidity/strength/ • steadiness/balance • “durability” e.g. toughness/long-lasting quality/sturdiness/resilience • “chariots could ride relatively smoothly” (down the same ruts in the road) e.g. progress (in channels/grooves/furrows) was easy/easier • “avoid churning up the entire highway” e.g. road was not made uneven/less smooth/harder to make progress on/not so damaged • Any two (2)

7. The first Emperor survived at least three assassination attempts in subsequent years, incidents that served to tighten his grip on every aspect of life. He created a surveillance culture in which neighbours were expected to spy on each other and lived in fear of terrible punishments for failing to do so or for breaking the many laws. One of the most miserable punishments, which very often proved to be a death sentence, was to be dispatched into the wilderness to toil on the construction of the wall Qin Shihuangdi had ordered to be built along the northern frontier of the empire. • 3. Explain in your own words any two ways in which Qin managed to “tighten his grip on every aspect of life” (line 34).

8. Answer • Glosses of • “surveillance culture”/”spy” people watched/observed one another • “terrible punishments” severe reprisals/penalties • “Many laws” multiplicity of regulations/edicts/rulings/instructions • Any two (2)

9. Linking Questions • Remember to use the ‘winning formula’ • Quote and explain how it links back • Quote and explain how it links forward • Watch out for linking words- ‘But,’ ‘However,’ ‘Although,’ ‘And,’ etc. • Be aware of the amount you are expected to write for a linking question

10. The First Emperor’s imprint on the lives of the inhabitants of his far-flung kingdoms was seen further. He unified the script, demanding that all states write the pictographs of ancient Chinese in the same way. So, although the words might be pronounced differently in different parts of the empire, once they were written down everyone who could read could understand each other, a particular advantage for traders. Some of the pictographs are recognisable in the language today, and the principle of a single written language that can be spoken in different ways remains. But for the First Emperor, establishing complete control over his empire was not enough. He wanted to rule forever. If he couldn’t have immortality in this world, the next best thing would be to rule in the nether world. We knew about his tomb mound because the ancient sources referred to it, and it has always been there.

11. 4. Explain how the sentence “But for the First Emperor, establishing complete control over his empire was not enough.” (lines 56–57) works as a link between paragraphs at this point.

12. Answer • “establishing complete control over his empire” refers back to preceding ideas (relating to dominance) (1); • “was not enough” prepares us for upcoming reference (to other things he wanted to do or have) (1); • “But” introduces contrast = 1

13. Not being forgotten was particularly crucial. The apartheid regime had tried to “vanish” black people. Feeling abandoned and isolated, people turned to Dickens as someone who understood their plight. But there were not enough books to go round. Few of the crate loads of Shakespeare, Hardy and Dickens shipped from Britain reached the townships. Instead, they came to Soweto in parcels from charities. They were read by candlelight, often out loud, shared in a circle, or passed from hand to hand. • “But there were not enough books to go round.” (line 29) • 5. Explain how this sentence provides a link between paragraphs at this point.

14. Answer • “books” refers back to Dickens in previous paragraph (1); • “not enough” anticipates the idea of paucity/scarcity developed in the rest of the paragraph (1) • Less precise answer, e.g. one without selective quotation from the link sentence = 1 • Appropriate comment on the function of “But” = 1

15. “But,” said Solomon, scratching one of the small fly-bites that were troubling all of us, “if we could return here in 50 years, this village would be different. There will be streets, electricity, and proper buildings. As Ethiopia modernises, places like this will be made more comfortable for people. Hamed Ela will probably be a big town.” And that is where Solomon was wrong. As Ethiopia modernises, the Afar will leave their desert home. They will drift into the towns and cities in the highlands. Their voracious herds of goats will die. Their camels will no longer be of any use. The only remembrance this place will have of the humans it bred will be the stone fittings of their flimsy, ruined stick huts, and the mysterious black rock burial mounds that litter the landscape.

16. 6. Explain why the sentence “And that is where Solomon was wrong” (line 30) is an effective link between the paragraphs contained in lines 26 to 35.

17. Answer • “(And) that” refers back to his words in the previous paragraph (about progress/ growth/improvement) (1) • “was wrong” leads to (the rebuttal contained in) the rest of the paragraph (1) • less well explained/less selective = 1 • Comment on linking function of “And” = 1

18. Structure Questions • Think about: • Sentence length- short/long/ minor/simple/complex • Punctuation- parenthesis/ ellipsis/ inverted commas/ colons etc. • Lists • Repetition- words, phrases • Contrast and balance in sentences

19. It also came from people such as the activist Steve Biko, whose own mentor, the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, spent a lifetime working with forest people who had no formal education, teaching them to “name the world their own way”. That is what the youth of Soweto wanted—a future in their own words. And they got it. (end of paragraph) • 7. Explain how any aspect of the structure of the paragraph in line 59 contributes to its effectiveness.

20. Answer • The long and short sentences (1) contrast (1) • OR the dash (1) produces a (dramatic) delay (1) • OR the brevity of the second sentence (1) produces impact (1) • OR the introduction of the second sentence with “And” (1) produces impact (1)

21. But as that new way of living arrives—as we retreat from the wild places, and the fences of national parks go up; as we cease the exploitation of animals, and the cow, the camel, the sheep, the chicken and the pig become items in modern exhibition farms, where schoolchildren see how mankind used to live; as our direct contact with our fellow creatures is restricted to zoos, pets and fish tanks; and as every area of natural beauty is set about with preservation orders and rules to keep human interference to a minimum—will we not be separating ourselves from our planet in order, as we suppose, to look after it better? Will we not be loving nature, but leaving it?

22. 8. (a) Identify any feature of sentence structure the writer uses effectively in this paragraph. • (b) Show how your chosen feature helps to clarify or support the writer’s argument.

23. Answer • (a) Use of parenthesis • OR use of semi-colon • ORrepeated use of (clauses starting with) “as” listing • OR use of (negative) question(s) • Any one (1) • (b) • Feature Effect • Use of parenthesis Helps identify/isolate/specify (1) what the “new way of living” is (1) • Semi-colon construction Gives idea of multiplicity and/or variety of ways OR use of “as” (1) OR listing we are moving away from wilderness (1) • Use of (negative) question(s) Creates doubt in reader’s mind (1) • And/or questions wisdom of what we are doing (1) • And/or implies agreement with sense of argument (1) • Any two effects • NB marks in (b) are for analysis, not for identification of feature.

24. And flight attracts our eyes, lifts our heart with joy and envy. Flight, to us earthbound creatures, is a form of magic—one of the great powers attributed to decent wizards and witches throughout history is the ability to fly, from the persecuted sorcerers of the Dark Ages to the players of the game of quidditch. • 9. The writer refers to “wizards and witches throughout history” (lines 51–52). Explain by referring to either word choice or structure how the rest of the sentence continues this idea.

25. Answer • Word choice: • “(persecuted) sorcerers”/“players of the game of quidditch” (1) continues idea of wizards (1); • OR “Dark Ages” / “sorcerers” and “quidditch” (1) reprise the idea of “throughout history” (1). • Structure: • “from … to” construction (1) reprises the idea of “throughout history” (1).

26. And then it happened. Bam! Gone. From the tail of my eye, I saw what I took to be a kestrel. I turned my head to watch it as it climbed, and I waited for it to go into its hover, according to time-honoured kestrel custom. But it did nothing of the kind. It turned itself into an anchor. Or a thunderbolt. No kestrel this: it crashed into the crowd of martins, and almost as swiftly vanished. I think it got one, but I can’t swear to it, it was all so fast. • 10. Identify two techniques used in lines 10 and 11 which help to convey the idea of speed described in the next two paragraphs (lines 12–17).

27. Answer • Very short sentences; single word/very short paragraphs; colloquialism; monosyllable(s); exclamation mark; (idea of) minor sentence; onomatopoeia. • Any two. (2)

28. Technique Questions • Imagery-simile -metaphor -personification • Sound Techniques-alliteration -assonance -onomatopoeia • Tone- learn approximately 10. e.g. sarcasm, formal, informal, humourous, ironic, angry, hopeful etc.

29. Irony • I was going through Monken Hadley churchyard and there were lots (note scientific precision) of house martins whizzing round the church tower. • 11. Explain what is odd or ironic about the expression “note scientific precision”

30. Answer • The writer uses “lots” (1) which is not precise/scientific (1).

31. From the tail of my eye, I saw what I took to be a kestrel. I turned my head to watch it as it climbed, and I waited for it to go into its hover, according to time-honoured kestrel custom. But it did nothing of the kind. It turned itself into an anchor. Or a thunderbolt. • 12. Why is the comparison of the bird to a “thunderbolt” (line 15) an effective image or metaphor? (1 mark)

32. Answer • It changed its shape/resembled/ adopted the shape of an anchor/looked like an anchor. • OR • It descended vertically/swiftly. • Either for (1)

33. Qin Shi Who? My reaction entirely. I had heard of the Terracotta Army, of course. I had even seen some of them when a vanguard of warriors came to London in the 1980s. But I couldn’t have told you who Qin Shihuangdi (pronounced Chin Shur Hwang Dee) was. Even if you’d said he was the First Emperor of China, I’d have had only the haziest recollection of what you were talking about. 13. The first paragraph (lines 1–5) is written in a chatty style. Identify one expression or feature from these lines which contributes to this chattiness, and explain why it does so.

34. Answer • Question (and response) • Verbless sentence(s) • (throwaway effect of)“of course” • Informality of abbreviated verbs • (Helpful) explanation of pronunciation • Use of 2nd person • Humour of (facetious) capital letter at “Who” • Informal use of initial “But” • Terminal preposition (“about”) • (1) • Makes it more informal/ • friendlier/less intimidating • OR • is a feature of conversation/ • dialogue/engagement • (1)

35. “Africans are not dustbins,” declared some of the June 16 placards; and “Beware of Afrikaans, the most dangerous drug for our future.” By the following year, the language had been withdrawn from classrooms as unworkable. And so, thanks to the influence of a long-dead British author, the sacrifices of Hector Pieterson and many other Africans have proved to be not entirely in vain —which Dickens himself would surely applaud. 14. Look at the placard text “Beware of Afrikaans, the most dangerous drug for our future”. (lines 60 – 61) Explain why this expression is an effective image or metaphor.

36. Answer • Just as drugs are harmful (in the long term) (1) • So Afrikaans has a (long-reaching) deleterious (harmful) effect on the lives of the Sowetans (1)

37. Those who call themselves environmentalists celebrate this. “Leave nothing and take nothing away,” read the signs at the gates of nature reserves. Practical advice, perhaps, but is there not something melancholy in what that says about modern man’s desired relationship with nature? Will we one day confine ourselves to watching large parts of our planet only from observation towers? • 15. What is the tone of the two sentences in lines 52–55? (1)

38. Answer • Sad/pessimistic/gloomy/resigned/regretful/concerned (1)

39. The tomb itself may never be opened because of the sensitivities of disturbing the Emperor, although some archaeologists hope that improved technology may one day allow some form of exploration. • 16. Show fully how the writer introduces a tone of doubt when he writes about the prospects for opening the tomb (lines 60–62). (2)

40. Answer • He uses “may” (1); twice (1); he uses “some archaeologists” (1); • he uses “hope” (1); he uses “one day” (1); he uses “some form” (1); • Any two points. or one point (1) + correct analysis (1)

41. Context Questions • You must show HOW you worked out the meaning of a specific word using the words surrounding it. • 1. Define the word • 2. Quote a word/ expression nearby • 3. Explain how the nearby word/ expression helped you to work out the meaning.

42. I have no argument against the international development movement that wants to see the Afars in clean houses with running water and electrical power, and schools, and a clinic nearby—away, in other words, from their gruesome desert life. All this is inevitable. • 17. Explain how other words in lines 56–58 help us to work out the meaning or sense of “gruesome desert life”.

43. If they are “away from” (pleasant things such as) clean houses/running water/ power/schools/adjacent clinic (1) • Then the expression must mean a harsh/spartan/unpleasant/horrible/ • ghastly existence (1)

44. Golf always seems to me a trivial game, but every one of its legion of addicts will tell you that it all comes back to the pure joy of a clean strike at the ball: making it defy gravity. Making it climb like a towering snipe. Making it soar like an eagle, at least in the mind of the striker, as it reaches the top of its long, graceful parabola. • 18. (a) What does “trivial” (line 34) tell us about the writer’s attitude to golf? (1) • (b) Explain how an expression later in this sentence makes it clear that the author is aware that others do not share his opinion. (2)

45. Answer • (a) (He thinks) it is a waste of time/worthless/pointless/ unimportant. • (b)“legion” (1) suggests it has many devotees (1) • OR “addicts” (1) suggests( the intensity of) the hold of the game (1) • OR “pure joy” (1) conveys (the intensity of) the pleasure of the game (1)’.

46. Word Choice Questions • I only began to grasp this a few months ago when I travelled to Xi’an to visit the First Emperor’s mind-boggling mausoleum, home to his Terracotta Army. “This is one of the people who changed the world,” said Neil MacGregor, director of the British Museum. “There are terribly few historical figures whose achievements lasted like that. This is really one of the great, great figures in human history.” • 19. Show how any one feature of Neil MacGregor’s word choice (see lines 12–15) makes it clear that he thinks of Qin as someone special.

47. Answer • changed the world (1) suggests large extent of influence (1) • terribly few (1) conveys near-uniqueness (1) • (whose achievements) lasted like that (1) suggests permanence of influence (1) • Really (1) intensifies (1) • “great” (1) shows attitude of high regard (1) • repetition of “great, great” (1) emphasises (1) • Example (1) plus analysis (1)

48. At the beginning of this month I was in a hellish yet beautiful place. I was making a programme for Radio 4 about one of the world’s most ancient trade routes. • 20. What is surprising about the writer’s word choice in the first sentence? (2)

49. Answer • There is a contradiction (1) in “hellish yet beautiful” (1)

50. An infinity of stars blazed above. The mysterious lake was close, and when the wind changed you could smell the sulphur blowing from a range of bubbling vents of gas, salt and super-heated steam. On the horizon fumed the volcano, Hertale. With not a blade of grass in sight, and all around us a desert of black rocks, the Danakil is a kind of inferno. • 21. Explain what the word “fumed” (line 22) suggests about the volcano, apart from having smoke coming from it. (1)