How to do a

1. Created by Kathryn Spiegel RN PhD There is no conflict of interest in the creation of this education program. How to do a Literature Review Research Committee Module #2 1 CNE Available

2. Objectives • Explain the rationale for a literature review • Review the scope of the literature review • Discuss the types of literature included in a comprehensive review • Demonstrate knowledge of web-based resources for nephrology nursing research

3. Purpose • Brings the researcher up to date with information on a specific topics • Forms the basis of justification for future research in the area of interest • Seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports

4. Reasons for Conducting a Literature Review • Presents a theoretical framework • Provides a bibliography, analytical and critical appraisal of current literature • Refines, improves and adds to the body of knowledge • Informs and lends support to the researcher’s assumptions, definitions • Reviews previous scholarly and scientific work Wilson, H.S. (1992). Introduction to nursing research (2nd ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.

5. Types of Literature • Relevant nursing research • Theoretical literature • General and specialty nursing literature • Methodological literature • Research literature from other disciplines • Popular literature Wilson, H.S. (1992). Introduction to nursing research (2nd ed.). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.

6. Resources • Books • Periodicals(journals, magazines and newspapers) • Popular magazines • Trade journals • Scholarly journals • Medical libraries

7. Electronic Resources • Software programs (RSS Feeds) • Databases (CINAHL®) • Popular (Google) and scientific (PubMed) search engines • Metasearch engines (Dogpile)

8. Boolean Operators Purpose: • Used to facilitate a review of the literature • Search is narrowed to those records that contain each chosen keyword • Common operators include: • AND • OR • NOT

9. Keyword Term B Keyword Term A C Search A AND B = C Boolean Operators AND

10. Keyword Term A Keyword Term B Boolean Operators OR Search A OR B broadens the search by searching for alternate terms, synonyms and related concepts

11. Keyword Term B Keyword Term A C Boolean Operators NOT Eliminates records which have an unwanted keyword in them

12. Software Programs • RSS Feeds:  RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication.  RSS readers are software programs that collect, organize and display RSS feeds.  RSS readers allow users to scan headings from a multitude of journals or news sites. The benefit of RSS is that content from multiple Web sources is aggregated in one place.  RSS readers can be desk-top based or web-based (Note - web-based readers require no download).   • Some user-friendly web-based readers are Google Reader, NetVibes, and FeedBucket.

13. Database Systems CINAHL® • Nursing and allied health literature • Covers approximately 330 nursing and allied health journal references • Includes information on the title, author, journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers, date of issue, descriptors that indicate the type of article (i.e., research), and number of references.

14. Search Engines Search engines: An internet program that searches for documents for specified keywords and returns a list where these keywords are found • Dogpile • http://www.dogpile.com • PubMed • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

15. PubMed Basic steps to access: • Identify the key concepts of the research question. • Enter the significant terms into the search box. • Press the “Enter” key or click “Go.” National Institutes of Health (2007). National Library of Medicine. from http://www.nih.gov/science/library.html.

16. PubMed Information access: • Date (or range of dates) • Journal title • Author • Key words National Institutes of Health (2007). National Library of Medicine.Retrieved from http://www.nih.gov/science/library.html.

17. PubMed Limits Feature Allows for more specific searches using ranges within categories - Full text or free full text - Age group - Gender - Human or animal studies - Languages - Publication types - Dates - Journal groups - Topics

18. Limits tab Preview / Index tab History tab Clipboard Details

19. Preview/Index Tab Used to determine the number of articles available on a particular topic Search Most Recent Queries Time Result #2 Search anemia 13:34:23 141371 #1 Search dialysis 13:34:05 111628

20. History Tab • Previous searches can be combined or used in subsequent searches by using the History tab. • All search queries can be located under the History tab. The query list is erased after eight hours.

21. Clipboard Tab • Clipboard is a storage page for collecting selected citations from one or several searches. • Clipboard is lost after eight hours of inactivity on PubMed or any of the other databases.

22. Clipboard Tab • The following process is used to add citations to the Clipboard: • In the search results, use the citation check boxes to select citations. To save all citations do not click any check boxes • From the Send to menu, select Clipboard • To view the selections, click the Clipboard tab

23. Using Boolean Operators When using Boolean operators it is not necessary to order the concepts, the number of hits will be the same: Search Most Recent Queries Time Result #2 Search anemia AND dialysis 13:34:23 4926 #1 Search dialysis AND anemia 13:34:05 4926

24. Using Boolean Operators Searching for phrases using keywords and quotations: Search Most Recent Queries Time Result #2 Search “Iron deficiencyanemia in dialysis patients” 13:34:23 246 #1 Search“iron deficiency anemia” 13:34:05 6170

25. Using the “+” Feature • “+"Dialysis" Outcomes: search will retrieve all documents containing the words Dialysis, but no documents that contain only the word Outcomes • Documents containing Outcomes must also contain Dialysis to be retrieved

26. Using a Wildcard An “*” is the symbol for a Wildcard • Allows for a search of words with variations in spelling by using the * after the first 3 letters of the word • Following a keyword with an asterisk (*) will search for the keyword and various suffixes • For a prefix, at least three letters of the keyword are necessary before using an *

27. Using the Operator NOT • Using the word "NOT" or a "-" before a keyword will exclude any document containing that term • For example: NOT cultural diversity will retrieve all documents containing the word diversity, but from these documents it will exclude all the results that contain the phrase cultural

28. Using the Limits Feature: Example Research Question: “Does a patient’s cultural background influence adherence to dialysis therapy?”

29. 111,628 listings 5528 pages Bolded words are key words in this search Key word may give results on laboratory data culture AND dialysis 2827 listings 528 pages culture AND dialysis AND adherence Specifically address the sociological effect of one’s culture on the dialysis experience 14 listings 1 page Research Question “Does a patient’s cultural backgroundinfluence adherence to dialysis therapy?”

30. Conclusions • The literature search is one of the most important steps in the research process. • A comprehensive review provides education of and validation for the research and the writing of scientific publications.

31. References Cooper, H.M. (1989). Integrating research: A guide for literature reviews (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. National Institutes of Health. (2007). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from the web site http://www.nih.gov/science/library.html. Nieswiadomy, R.M. (1993). Foundations of nursing research (2nd ed.). Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange.

32. References United States Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved from the web site http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez. Wilson, H.S. (1992). Introduction to nursing research (2nd ed). Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.