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Language Variation

Language Variation. LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin. Outline of Today’s Class. Today’s : Linguistic Community Linguistic Variation Geography Through time Social variation Situational Variation. Linguistic Variation.

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Language Variation

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  1. Language Variation LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin

  2. Outline of Today’s Class Today’s : • Linguistic Community • Linguistic Variation • Geography • Through time • Social variation • Situational Variation

  3. Linguistic Variation • A language, within a same community, is never quite _____________. • We speak of _______________ when we determine the differences between individual speech.

  4. Linguistic Variation • In spite of all the variation found between speakers, there are ______________in the way that speakers of a certain community speak, which _______________ them from other linguistic communities (e.g. Canadian English, British English, Newfoundland English, etc.)

  5. Variability Invariability (Core) Linguistic Variation

  6. Linguistic Variation • To say that there is in fact a “linguistic community”, the language must present a certain _________. • Vocabulary, phonetic, syntax and grammar should be __________the same within the community. • Let’s mention, though, that certain differences pertaining to vocabulary and accent, for example, are tolerated.

  7. Linguistic Community • A Linguistic Community: • is a fuzzy concept since it can be very large (e.g. _______________, _____________) or considerably small (for example, a ____or ______, or even a _______________).

  8. Linguistic Community • Definition of a linguistic community according to Joshua Fishman: “A linguistic community exists as soon as all members have at least one linguistic variety in common, as well as rules governing the proper use of this variety.” • _______________ • NOTE: Communities, as well as individuals, have more than one Variety of language.

  9. Classification of Linguistic Variation • We generally speak of four types of language variation factors. • Geolinguisticvariation • Temporal (or historic) variation • Social variation • Situational variation

  10. Linguistic Variation Factors Geolinguisticvariation temporal (or historic) variation social variation situational variation

  11. Video : Learning not to TawkLike a New Yorker • http://video.nytimes.com/video/2010/11/19/nyregion/1248069311927/you-talkin-to-me.html

  12. Let’s Share • Let’s share different words or expressions used in our own region:

  13. Geolinguistique Variation “ Massachusetts Hold Em’ ” Linguistic Variation Factors Geolinguistic Variation

  14. Atlas of North American EnglishPhonetics, Phonology and Sound Change • Website:

  15. Examples of Different Language Varieties • Video and Internet Sources: • American Tongues video - http://www.cnam.com/non_flash/language/american.html • Do You Speak American – website and video http://www.pbs.org/speak/ * • International Dialects of English Archive - http://web.ku.edu/~idea/ • Watch clips of video in class – the website here: http://www.pbs.org/speak/

  16. Temporal (or Historic) Variation Linguistic Variation and it’s Factors Temporal (or Historic) Variation

  17. Temporal Variation • Temporal variation is __________and manifests itself through _______________differences. • The case of North American French: • In North America, a good number of archaic words that are no longer used in France (though they are sometimes used in certain areas) have been conserved.

  18. Social Variation Linguistic Variation and it’s Factors Social Variation

  19. Social Variation • Languages are to be seen through the eyes of _____. • A language changes socially. It needs to come to a certain consensus; that is why it is often heterogeneous, conflictual and dynamic. • Social linguistics variation corresponds to different social classes. • For example: the variation of /r/ in New York. • Linguists often use the more neutral term _______ rather than dialect.

  20. Social Variation • Social variation : • Allows speakers to be a part of a language community (feeling of _______________); • Sets and maintains _________between social classes; • Can emphasize different contexts (if we choose to speak a certain way in a certain context, this can be seen as a political choice).

  21. Situational Variation Linguistic Variation and it’s Factors Situational Variation

  22. Situational Variation • We do not speak the same way to everyone – we adapt our speech according to the “__________” • Speakers adopt a certain way of speaking according to the _______________.

  23. What kind of variation is this? • « What’shu talking ‘bout, Willis? »

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