Understanding the Periodic Table: Elements, Electron Configurations, and Properties

1. Section 6.2 - Classifying the Elements 6.2 Introduction • A coin may contain much information in a small space - its value, the year it was minted, and its country of origin. • Each square in a periodic table also contains information. • You will learn what types of information are usually listed in a periodic table.

2. 5. Squares in the Periodic Table • The periodic table displays the symbols and names of the elements, along with information about the structure of their atoms. • In the center of the square is the symbol for the element. • The atomic number is above the symbol. • The element name and average atomic mass are below the symbol. • On some periodic tables, there’s a vertical column along the top right that lists the number of electrons in each occupied energy level.

3. The symbols for solids are in black, the symbols for gases are in red, the symbols for liquids are in blue, and the symbols for elements not found in nature are in green. • The background colors in the squares are used to distinguish groups of elements. • For example: • The Group 1A elements are called alkali metals(yellow). • The Group 2A elements are called alkaline earth metals (light yellow). • The nonmetals of Group 7A are called halogens(light blue). Squares in the Periodic Table (cont.)

4. 6. Electron Configurations in Groups • Electrons play a key role in determining the properties of elements. • Elements can be sorted into noble gases, representative elements, transition metals, or inner transition metals based on their electron configurations. • The Noble Gases • The noble gasesare the elements in Group 8A of the periodic table. • The electron configurations for the first four noble gases in Group 8A are listed below.

5. 6.2 Electron Configurations in Groups (cont.) • The Representative Elements • Elements in groups 1A through 7A are often referred to as representative elementsbecause they display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. • The s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level are not filled. • The group number equals the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level. • In atoms of the Group 1A elements to the left, there is only one electron in the highest occupied energy level. • In atoms of the Group 4A elements to the left, there are four electrons in the highest occupied energy level.

6. 6.2 Representative Elements

7. 6.2 Representative Elements

8. 6.2 Representative Elements

9. 6.2 Representative Elements

10. 7. Transition Elements • There are two types of transition elements—transition metals and inner transition metals. • They are classified based on their electron configurations. • In atoms of a transition metal, the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel contain electrons. • In atoms of an inner transition metal, the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons.

11. Transition Elements (cont.) • Blocks of Elements • If you consider both the electron configurations and the positions of the elements in the periodic table, another pattern emerges. • The periodic table is divided into blocks that correspond to the highest occupied sublevels. • Each period corresponds to a principal energy level. • For transition elements, electrons are added to a d sublevel with a principal energy level that is one less than the period number.

12. END OF SECTION 2