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陕西师范大学. 执 教: 陈 瑛. 世界地理. Shi jie di li. Shaanxi Normal University. Teacher: Chen Ying. WORLD GEOGRAPHY. 第二章 亚洲. next. II Asia. Chapter. next. 亚洲. 亚洲概述 亚洲的工业化与代表性工业化国家 亚洲的发展中国家和地区. exit. Asia. Outlines Of Asia Industrialization Of Asia &Representation Industrialized Countries
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陕西师范大学 执 教:陈 瑛 世界地理 Shi jie di li
Shaanxi Normal University Teacher: Chen Ying WORLD GEOGRAPHY
第二章 亚洲 next
II Asia Chapter next
亚洲 亚洲概述 亚洲的工业化与代表性工业化国家 亚洲的发展中国家和地区 exit
Asia Outlines Of Asia Industrialization Of Asia &Representation Industrialized Countries Developing Nations And Areas Of Asia exit
第一节 亚洲概述 一、亚洲的面积和分区 (一)面积:4400万平方千米 (二)分区:共分为六个区,分别为东亚、东南亚、南亚、西亚、中亚、北亚。 next
Section 1Outlines Of Asia I,Area & District Of Asia (I) Area :44,000,000 square kilometers (II) District: Altogether divides into 6 areas: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia, North Asia。 next
一、区域性人地关系的基本特点与问题 亚洲自然条件复杂多样,自然资源丰富,人口众多,种族、民族、宗教构成复杂,国家之间、区域之间发展不平衡,导致其人地关系问题复杂而突出。 (一)人口、资源与环境问题 亚洲是一个人口大洲,人口问题比较突出,具体表现为人口增长、人口分布和贫困人口等方面。 众多的人口、较高的人口密度和广泛分布的贫困人口等,给亚洲的资源和环境带来很大压力。 next
I, Essential Features &Questions Of Regional Person Relations The complex natural conditions, the rich resources& the large population, the complex constitution of race, nations& religions, and the unbalanced development between countries and religions, which all cause the personal relations questions to be complex and prominent. (I) Population, Resources &Environment Questions Asia is the continent with a large population which has some problems, such as a fast growth ,a high density and a impoverished group which has brought pressures for the resources and environment. next
(二)领土及地缘关系问题 亚洲共有48个国家,由于历史原因,许多国家之间存在着陆地和海洋的国土争端问题,这些争端是目前制约亚洲政治经济合作发展的主要障碍之一。 中印边界问题 北方四岛问题 朝鲜半岛问题 油气地缘问题 问题 克什米尔问题 海洋国土问题 地缘经济与亚太经济合作 next
(II) Territory & Geography Relations Asia altogether has 48 countries. There are some territory conflicts between some countries, which is the chief obstacle to restrict the Asian politics & economic cooperationdevelopment at present. China-India boundary problem North 4 islands Problem Korean Peninsula Problem Oil& Gas Problem Problems Kashmir Problem Sea Territory Geography Economic& APEC next
海洋国土问题包括: (1)独岛。 (2)钓鱼岛等岛屿。 (3)南海诸岛。
Sea territory problems include: (i) Dokdo (ii) Diaoyu Islands and so on (iii) South-sea Islands
地缘经济与亚太经济合作 随着冷战的结束,亚太地区的地缘经济合作迅速发展起来。其主要标志是: (1)亚太经济合作组织。 (2)贸易与投资自由化迅速发展。 (3)各层次的区域合作不断加强。
Geography Economic& APEC Along with theconclusion of the cold war, the cooperation of the economic develops rapidly. The main symbols are: (i) APEC (ii) Various development of the trade& investment liberalization (iii) Region cooperations of all levels strengthen rapidly
(三)民族与宗教冲突问题 1、 西亚的民族与宗教冲突 2、 南亚的民族与宗教冲突 3、 中亚的民族与宗教冲突 exit next
(III) National &Regional Conflict ⅰWest Asia’s ⅱSouth Asia’s ⅲCentral Asia’s exit next
2、南亚的民族与宗教冲突 南亚是一个民族、语言和宗教十分复杂多样的地区。除马尔代夫属于单一民族国家外,其余均为多民族、多语言和多宗教的国家。长期以来。南亚地区的各种民族、宗教冲 突接连不断。 (1) 民族问题。 (2) 宗教问题。
ii, South Asia’s National& Religious Conflict South Asia is a diverse area with complex nationality, language and religion. Except the Maldives belongs to the sole nation-state, others are multi-national, multi-languages and multi-religious countries. Since long ago ,the national and religious conflict continued in South Asia. (i) national problem (ii) religious problem
3、中亚的民族与宗教冲突 20世纪90年代初苏联解体后,一些中亚国家独立。独立后的中亚国家的民族矛盾和宗教 问题主要表现在以下五个方面: (1) 主体民族与其他民族的矛盾。 (2) 主体民族与俄罗斯人之间的矛盾突出。 (3) 国家内部不同地区之间的民族矛盾。 (4) 跨界民族问题。 (5) 恐怖主义。
iii Central Asia’s National &Religious Conflict Some countries of Central Asia are independent after Soviet Union disintegrated at the beginning of 1990s. After the independence the national &the religious conflicts mainly display in following five aspects: (i) The contradiction between main-nationality and other nationalities. (ii) The prominent contradiction between main-nationality and the Russian’s . (iii) The contradiction of nationalities in different areas of interior countries. (iv) Nationality problem straddling of zones . (v) Terrorism.
第二节 亚洲的工业化与代表性工业化国家 一、亚洲的工业化与地域格局 (一)亚洲工业化的时空过程 与欧美不同,亚洲的工业化经历了相当曲折的历程。 亚洲有很大范围属于季风气候区(尽管成因有不同),在自然界的恩惠下,亚洲很早就产生了高效率的农业,创造了灿烂的农业文明和自给自足型的农业社会,从而形成了缺乏交流、对土地高度依赖和保守的经济社会特质,这些显然不利于工业文明的产生。至于冷湿气候和贫瘠土壤条件下的欧洲,其经济社会则建立在农产品和手工业产品的交易基础之上,地理大发现、重商主义、产业革命都与其贸易和对外侵略紧紧联系在一起。 next
Section II Industrialization Of Asia &Representation Industrialized Countries I Industrialization of Asia &The Region Pattern (I) Space-time Advancement Of Asia’s Industrialization Different from the European countries, Asia's industrialization has experienced a quite winding course. Asia belongs to the monsoon climatic region( although different origins)having a high efficient agriculture and creating a bright civilization and a self-sufficient society, which formed a conservative economic society ,and didn’t favor for the industry civilization.Since owning bad climate and barren soil ,Europe establishes its society in the agricultural product and handicraft industry. The discoverism, the mercantilism and the industrial revolution all relate closely with the trade and the foreign aggression. next
亚洲的工业化是在由帝国主义列强建立的不平等的资本主义国际分工体系下起步的。工业化所需的资本和技术来自宗主国,工业开发集中于为宗主国服务的资源开发和初级产品加工领域;产业间缺乏关联;有限的盈余在资本主义垂直分工体系下被列强剥夺,无法积累工业化所需资本和技术;由于陷入“贫困的恶性循环”中,也无法形成市场基础。亚洲的工业化是在由帝国主义列强建立的不平等的资本主义国际分工体系下起步的。工业化所需的资本和技术来自宗主国,工业开发集中于为宗主国服务的资源开发和初级产品加工领域;产业间缺乏关联;有限的盈余在资本主义垂直分工体系下被列强剥夺,无法积累工业化所需资本和技术;由于陷入“贫困的恶性循环”中,也无法形成市场基础。 除了早在19世纪后半期完成明治维新而建立资本主义制度的日本于20世纪初完成产业革命之外,亚洲其他国家和地区真正的工业化始于第二次世界大战以后。亚洲的工业化道路经历了从进口替代到出口导向的过程,经济起飞展现出从日本→亚洲“四小龙”(简称NIEs)→马来西亚、泰国等东盟国家→中国、越南、印度的空间扩散过程,而起飞出现的先后顺序,在很大程度上取决于步入出口导向型工业化战略的时期。 next
Industrialization of Asia starts from unequal capitalism established by imperialist powers. Capital and technology come from the suzerain. It’s unable to accumulate the capital and technology, and also unable to form the market foundation. Except Japan, countries in Asia start the industrialization after World War II.The industrialization experienced from the import substitution to the export guidance. The economical launching diffused by space from Japanese -> NIE s -> Malaysia, Thailand -> China, Vietnamese, India. However, the order relied largely to the time marched into the export guidance strategy. next
亚洲工业化轨迹 1、 进口替代工业化 所谓进口替代工业化,简言之就是用国产化工业品替代进口品,是为减少对发达国家资本和技术的依赖,从发达国家的竞争攻势中保护本国幼稚产业,建立本国完整的产业体系而采取的“内向型”工业化战略。 2、 出口导向型工业化 依据比较优势原则参与国际分工,把所生产的具有国际竞争力的产品向国外出口,以此带动国民经济增长,即为出口导向型工业化。 3、 新一轮混合型战略 实际上,许多国家的工业化道路并非那么简单,在不同产业领域和同一产业的不同发展阶段,进口替代和出口导向是互为转移的,表现出“混合型”战略特点。 next
Industrialization Path of Asia i Import Substitution Industrialization It is to substitute the import with industrial product manufactured domestically in order to reduce the dependence to capital& technology from developed countries ,to protect the domestic industry, and to establish a complete industrial system adopting “introversion” strategy. ii Export Guidance Industrialization Based on the comparison principle, to participate in international division of labor ,in order to boom the national economy. iii A New Turn’s Mixed Strategy In fact, the path of industrialization is complicated.In different development phase, import substitution& export guidance are mutually for the shift, displaying a mixed characteristic. next
殖民地时期初级产品出口 (农产品、矿产品、原油等) 第一次进口替代工业化 (基本消费品的国内生产) 图 1 亚洲工业化轨迹示意图 第一次出口导向型工业化 (出口劳动密集型产品) 第二次进口替代型工业化 (重化学工业) 第二次出口导向型工业 (高附加值、技术密集型产品出口) next
Primary product exported in Colony time (agricultural product, minerals, crude oil and so on) The first import substitution industrialization (home production of basic consume) Figure I The Path of Industrialization The first export substitution (Export labor-intensive form product) The second import substitution industrialization ( Densified industry) The second export substitution industrialization(High added value, technology-intensive product exportation) next
目前,IT产业在亚洲的发展的主要特征是: (1)正成为世界性的IT关联设备供给基地。 (2)IT服务业的发展速度较快,移动电话与互 联网的迅速普及。 (3)印度和菲律宾正形成世界水准的软件产业。 next
The main characteristic of IT industry developing in Asia's: (i) To become a worldwide supplying base of IT connection equipment. (ii) As the quick developing of IT service industry, mobile phone and Internet popularized rapidly. (iii) Indian and Philippine are conforming a world-standard software industry. next
(二)亚洲工业化的地域格局——亚洲太平洋地区城市走廊与功能性城市体系的形成(二)亚洲工业化的地域格局——亚洲太平洋地区城市走廊与功能性城市体系的形成 1、 亚洲太平洋地区城市走廊的形成 2、 资本输出城市(后工业城市) 3、 大量吸收海外直接投资的产业城市 4、 以国际贸易为主要经济内容的地区中心城市 next
(I) The Region Pattern——City Corridor and Functionality City System’s Formation i、 The formation of city corridor of Asia-pacific area ii、 Capital-export city (industrial city) iii、 Industrial cities of absorbing investment direct from overseas iv、 Central cities of taking the international trade as the main economical content next
1、亚洲太平洋地区城市走廊的形成 20世纪最后20~30年的亚洲工业化个经济起飞,是在经济全球化背景下进行的。在此过程中,亚洲地区内部(主要为亚洲太平洋地区)的贸易联系、金融联系、对外直接投资联系等均得到加强,域内经济一体化程度在不断加深。然而在亚洲广大的区域中,真正参与这一进程的区域是有限的,奇迹主要发生在对外联系便利的沿海地带,尤其是那些人口规模大、具有优良港湾的大型城市,以至形成东起日本东京,向西经韩国汉城,中国的北京、上海、台北、香港,到东南亚马尼拉、曼谷、科伦坡、新加坡直到雅加达的西太平洋城市走廊。
i The formation of city corridor of Asia-pacific area The economic launching of the last 20~30 years of 20th century is carried on under the background of economical globalization. In this process, the internal trade relation, the financial relation, the foreign direct investment relation all enhanced, the economic integration was deepening. However in general regions, the miracle mainly occurs in the littoral, especially some large cities which have large population and fine harbors ,east from Tokyo, west from Korea, Beijing, Shanghai, Taibei, Hong Kong, to Manila, Bangkok, Colombo, Singapore and Jakarta.
2、资本输出城市(后工业城市) 东京、汉城、台北属于此类城市,现已发展成为跨国公司的总部和国际金融机构、高级的企业服务业高度集中的资本输出城市。在后工业城市中,信息和知识的生产、传播与发散成为主要的经济活动内容。反映在各自的城市景观上,则是智能化高层办公楼密集的CBD(中心商务区)云集着国际性金融机构和大公司总部;有高租金的大型公寓和商业设施,集中众多的研究与开发设施,还有以高收入阶层为对象的休闲娱乐中心等。
ii Capital-export City (Industrial City) Tokyo, Seoul, Taibei etc. have developed into capital cities concentrated with headquarters, finance organization and service industry of high-level enterprise. Information and knowledge, disseminates and disperses have become the main economic active content, respectively reflected on the landscapes, such as the financial organs and the big companies, large-scale apartments and the commercial facilities, researched and developed facilities and so on.
3、大量吸收海外直接投资的产业城市 以上海、曼谷、雅加达为代表。这些城市成为各自所属国家乃至本地区中吸收外国直接投资最多的中心。在这些城市的周边,兴起一个又一个大规模出口加工区或工业开发区,大片的郊区农业用地转变为非农业用地。在住宅开发和工业活动急剧向周边扩散的同时,建筑业、贸易业、金融业和各种企业服务业却日益向市中心集中,高密度的CBD正在以极快的速度兴起。
iii Industrial Cities of Absorbing Investment Direct From Overseas Take Shanghai, Bangkok, Jakarta as represents. These cities have become the centers absorbing foreign investments. In these cities’ peripheral, some processing regions or industrial development zones are emerging. Suburb agriculture uses have been transforming into uses for the non-agriculture. High density of CBD is emerging rapidly.
4、以国际贸易为主要经济内容的地区中心城市4、以国际贸易为主要经济内容的地区中心城市 以新加坡和香港为代表。这两个城市曾经为英国殖民地,以自由化经济为背景早已确立了作为地区性金融、贸易中心的地位。20世纪80年代以来的经济全球化潮流,使城市经济的发展迅速跨越边境向其周边地区扩张,形成著名的“增长三角”和“珠江三角”。如今,两大城市圈已扩展到100km的范围。
iv Central Cities of Taking The International Trade As The Main Economical Content Take Singapore and Hong Kong as represents. These two cities once were England colonies, taking the liberalized economy as represents , are topicality financial and trade centers. Since 1980s,economical globalization have made the urban economy developed rapidly and spanned to peripheral locality, forming a famous “the growth triangle” & “the Pearl River triangle”. At present, the two city-circles have expanded to 100km scope.
二、亚洲的发达工业化国家——日本 • 正式名称:日本国 • 人口 : 12678万 • 首都 :东京 • 官方语言:日语 • 货币 :日元 • 面积 :377800平方千米 • 国庆日 :12月23日 • 宗教 :道教、佛教 日本概况 图片 next
II Developed Industrialized Country In Asia ———— Japan • Official name: Japan • Population : 126,780,000 • Capital :Tokyo • Official language: Japanese • Currency :Japanese Yen • Area :377,800square km • National Day :Dec,23th • Religion:Taoism, Buddhism Summary of Japan Picture next