News Reporting and Writing Accuracy, Clarity and Writing Well Gerry Doyle

1. News Reporting and WritingAccuracy, Clarity and Writing WellGerry Doyle

2. Narrative Thread Every story should have a clear organizing principle that pulls the reader through the story: • Chronological order • Logical progression • A narrative voice

3. Show, Don’t Tell • Instead of tellingthe reader something was difficult, dangerous, disgusting or deranged, give them an anecdote, detail or quote that showsit to them. • “The room was filthy.” • “Tattered curtains, yellow with cigarette smoke, dangling from bent metal rods. Cardboard and old comforters stuffed into broken, grimy windows.”

4. Best Stuff Goes on Top • Put the most compelling info/quotes near the top of the story. • But sometimes you might want to save something for the kicker (the end of the report – think “hourglass”). • A good kicker can be used to give the reader something more to think about.

5. Accuracy and Clarity “Journalism is in fact history on the run.” --U.S. Federal Appeals Court Judge Thomas Beall Griffith

6. Accuracy and Clarity “History on the run” implies that journalism can sometimes be sloppy and inaccurate. No doubt, it sometimes is. But how can we help guard against it? • By making our stories as accurate as we can. • By making our stories as clear as possible.

7. Accuracy and Clarity Let’s deal with accuracy first. On a fast-breaking story, it can be hard to be sure of our facts, but some conventions are available: • Double-check what facts you collect – the who, what, when, where and why. And sometimes, the how. • Attribute information, particularly information that might be in dispute or that is controversial, to people with access to that information – or whose official positions give them the authority to speak.

8. Accuracy and Clarity On a more practical level: • When you interview someone, double-check the spelling of their name; get their phone number. • After you’re done with your questions, ask if there is anything they’d like to add. • On your way to cover a story, prepare questions in advance.

9. Accuracy and Clarity • Readers and viewers sense a story is accurate when it seems well-reported – when it seems the reporter has done a good job collecting the information. • So, while on a story, keep an ear out for the dramatic quotation – the judge, for instance, who says a defendant has no remorse.

10. Accuracy and Clarity • Similarly, while on a story, look for the telling details, the ones that will make your story powerful – still accurate, but clearly well-researched. • The telling details are ones that in a few words say something significant – the defendant, for instance, who has had 21 convictions since he was 13 years old.

11. Accuracy and Clarity Where can you get accurate information while researching a topic? Three broad categories: • Human • Physical • Online

12. Accuracy and Clarity Now, let’s turn to clarity: “If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant; if what is said is not what is meant, then what ought to be done remains undone.” -- Confucius

13. Accuracy and Clarity • To reach a large and diverse audience, writers must present information in a clear and simple, yet interesting, way. • Every word matters

14. Accuracy and Clarity Good media writing is more than the use of clear language. It is: • Using the correct words. • Composing sentences carefully. • Finding a tone that matches the material – a dignified tone, for instance, for the story of a funeral; a tone of drama for a daring rescue; a tone of joy for someone who achieves something great.

15. Accuracy and Clarity Eight Tips for Writing: 1) Vary the length of your sentences. Short, medium, long, short, medium -- variety yields rhythm, and keeps people moving through the story. Remember: A short sentence, properly placed, packs power. It is dramatic.

16. Accuracy and Clarity 2) Use simple, not complex, sentences. • Simple: Tsang, now in his second term, cannot seek re-election. • Complex: Tsang, now in his second term, cannot seek a third term, and so some political observers say that is the reason he has not shown much regard for much public opinion in several recent controversies, including his government’s refusal to reveal the salaries it was paying new political appointees, forcing them instead to reveal them.

17. Accuracy and Clarity 3) Use words most people know. Do not send people to the dictionary. Don’t give them reasons to put your story down.

18. Accuracy and Clarity 4) Don’t use unnecessary words, as this paragraph does. A metal-working factory in Yuen Long where a powerful blast yesterday afternoon killed three workers and injured four other laborers has been found to have had failed several types of safety inspections last year, according to the Regional Factory Regulatory Agency. (35 words)

19. Accuracy and Clarity This version is only 23 words: A factory in Yuen long where a powerful blast killed three workers and injured four others yesterday failed several safety inspections last year, officials said.

20. Accuracy and Clarity 5) When possible, use active voice; use strong verbs. Active: A leaking gas cylinder triggered the explosion. Passive: The explosion was caused by a leaking gas cylinder.

21. Accuracy and Clarity 6) Write the way most people talk – direct and plain, NOT like this: The manager of a money-lending firm, who pleaded guilty to dishonestly appropriating $2.4 million from his employer, was described by two Democratic Party legislators as “a honest man with many good qualities.”

22. Accuracy and Clarity How about this? A loan-company manager who pleaded guilty to stealing $2.4 million from his boss was described by two Democratic Party legislators as a honest man.

23. Accuracy and Clarity • Avoid using jargon—the language that only specialists in a given field might use.. • Q: What does “The perpetrator fled the scene on foot after suffering contusions and lacerations” mean?

24. Accuracy and Clarity • A: “The suspect ran after away he had been cut and bruised.” It’s that simple

25. Accuracy and Clarity 7) Use words that help readers see, rather than go to sleep, as these do: The first and only International Anti-Corruption Newsletter is being published on the Internet by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) to help overseas agencies fighting crime and corruption.

26. Accuracy and Clarity How about this? Hong Kong’s corruption watchdog is publishing the first Internet newsletter for helping police around the world catch criminals.

27. Accuracy and Clarity Best tip for last: 8) After you’re done, read it to yourself. Then rewrite it. And then rewrite it again. And then again.

28. Homework • Reading: Noonan` and Mustain, English-Language News Writing, FudanPress. Pages 35-37; and 91-100