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Operating Systems COT 4600 – Fall 2009

Explore the sources and coping strategies of computer system complexity, from ENIAC to modern processors and future trends.

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Operating Systems COT 4600 – Fall 2009

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  1. Operating Systems COT 4600 – Fall 2009 Dan C. Marinescu Office: HEC 439 B Office hours: Tu, Th 3:00-4:00 PM

  2. Last time: Systems and Complexity Sources of Complexity Today Knowledge and ethics. Modularity, Abstractions, Layering, Hierarchy (slides from Lecture 1) Computer Systems (slides by Kaashoek & Morris) Next time: Computer Systems versus Other Systems Coping with Computer System Complexity Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  3. Composibility via static discipline Be tolerant of inputs and strict on outputs Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  4. Moore’s law cost per transistor transistors per die “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics, April 1965 Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  5. Transistors/die doubles every ~18 months Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  6. Lithography: the driver behind transistor count • Components/area O(x2) with feature size • Total components O(a) with die area • Switching rate O(x) with feature size Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  7. CPU performance Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  8. DRAM density Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  9. Disk: Price per GByte drops at ~30-35% per year Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  10. ENIAC • 1946 • Only one built • 5000 adds/sec • 20 10-digit registers • 18,000 vacuum tubes • 124,500 watts • Not really stored program Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  11. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951 46 sold 2000 ops/sec 1,000 12-digit words (mercury) 5000 tubes $1.5 million Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  12. IBM System/360-40 1964 1.6 MHz 16-256 KB core $225,000 Family of six 32-bit Time-sharing Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  13. Cray 1: supercomputer 1976 80 sold 80 MHz 8 Mbyte SRAM 230,000 gates $5 million Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  14. DEC PDP-8 (1964) 60,000 sold 330,000 adds/sec • 4096 12-bit words • $18,000 Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  15. Apple II 1977 1 MHz 6502 microprocessor 4 to 48 Kilobytes RAM $1300 Basic, Visicalc Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  16. IBM’s wrist watch 2001 Linux and X11 74 Mhz CPU 8 Megabyte flash 8 Megabyte DRAM Wireless Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  17. Software follows hardware Millions of lines of source code Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  18. Cheap  Pervasive Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  19. Pervasive  qualitative change Word processing Communication Embedded Sense/control Number crunching log (people per computer) year Slides by Kaashoek & Morris Slide from David Culler, UC Berkeley

  20. Latency improves slowly Speed of light(0% per year) Moore’s law (~70% per year) Improvement wrt year #1 DRAM access latency (~7% per year) Slides by Kaashoek & Morris Year #

  21. Heat is a problem Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  22. Recent Intel CPU Clock Rates Pentium 4 HT Pentium 4 Pentium III mHz PentiumPro Pentium 486 Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  23. The Future: will it be painful? AMD Barcelona Quad-core chip Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

  24. What went right? Unbounded composibility General-purpose computers Only need to make one thing fast Separate architecture from implementation S/W can exploit new H/W Cumulative R&D investment over years Slides by Kaashoek & Morris

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