First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!!

1. First Anatomy and Physiology quiz/test on MONDAY!!! 1- systems and functions 2- science you should already know and why you need to know it

2. Overview of the Systems of the Body • _________________: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels

3. _________________: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines

4. __________________: communicating within the body using hormones

5. ___________________: defending against disease-causing agents

6. ____________________: skin, hair and nails

7. _____________________: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream

8. _______________________: moving the body

9. ___________________: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves

10. _________________: the sex organs

11. _________________: the organs used for breathing, the lungs

12. _________________________: structural support and protection through bones

13. __________________________: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine

14. Science you should already know and why you need to review it. • Four macromolecules: * * * *

15. Why are carbs important? • Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy • Too much glucose gets stored in liver • Not enough glucose, liver releases it • Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake • Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

16. Why are proteins important? • Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) • Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase) • Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous impulse to transmit

17. Why are lipids important? • Main component of all cell membranes • Many vitamins are fat soluble • Cushioning and protection • Too much or too little causes health problems

18. Why are nucleic acids important? • DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits • Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences • RNA helps to build proteins for the body

19. QUIZ time • 1 – Carbs • 2 – Proteins • 3 – Lipids • 4 – Nucleic acids

20. Enzymes work by? • Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules • Why Important? • Almost all chemical processes in the body are driven by enzymes. • If enzyme is not working = illness • Ex. lactose intolerance

22. ATP is important because? • It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions • Glucose is converted into many ATPs • ATP does work for all cells • Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires

24. We eat and breathe because?

25. We eat and breathe because? • We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) • We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs • Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration

26. Chemical equation for eating and breathing • Chemical equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP) Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

27. Exercising requires Video

28. How do we heal?

29. The need to heal!

30. Mitosis is important because? • When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones • When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells

31. Draw and label a typical animal cell below

32. An ion is? • Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons • Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulse • Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons • Ex. HCO3 – maintains blood pH

33. An isomer is? • Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. • Ex glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6 but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use it

35. Difference between structural and molecular formula is? • Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged • Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule • Glucose and fructose again as examples

36. Ionic bonds are? • An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms • Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt • Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients

38. Covalent bonds are? • Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons • Very strong bonds • Important because • Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon based molecules • When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)

40. Polar and non-polar molecules differ because? • Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) • Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) • Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules

41. MACROMOLECULES • 4 Large Molecules Important to Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

42. Chapter 2-3 • Carbon chem • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Stuff to know! Chapter 2-1 Atomic # Atomic mass Atomic structure Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Water chemistry Solutions,Solvents,pH polarity

43. CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n • Functions= provides energy (glucose is energy source for cells • Monomers = monosaccharides • Examples = glucose, fructose and galactose (all 3 = C6H12O6 so they are isomer)

44. Two linked = disaccharides • Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose

45. Polymer = polysaccharides • Examples = glycogen (animals) starch (plants)

46. Why “bulk-up” on carbs? Why not eat carbs?

47. CONDENSATION REACTION

48. HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN? H20 HYDROLYSIS

49. PROTEINS • Monomers = amino acids • All amino acids have • Amine group (NH2) • Carboxyl group (COOH) • R-groups differ

50. Dipeptide