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Exploring Macroeconomics: Foundations, History, and Concerns

Dive into the roots of macroeconomics like the Great Depression, Keynesian Revolution, and recent history. Learn about inflation, output growth, and unemployment as key concerns in understanding the macroeconomy.

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Exploring Macroeconomics: Foundations, History, and Concerns

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  1. PART II CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMS IN MACROECONOMICS 5 Introductionto Macroeconomics Chapter Outline The Roots of MacroeconomicsThe Great DepressionRecent Macroeconomic HistoryMacroeconomic ConcernsInflation and DeflationOutput Growth: Short Run and Long RunUnemploymentGovernment In the MacroeconomyFiscal PolicyMonetary PolicyGrowth PoliciesThe Components of the MacroeconomyThe Circular Flow DiagramThe Three Market ArenasThe Methodology of MacroeconomicsConnections to MicroeconomicsAggregate Demand and Aggregate SupplyThe U.S. Economy Since 1900:Trends and CyclesExpansion and Contraction: The Business CycleThe U.S. Economy Since 1970

  2. INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS microeconomics Examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units—business firms and households. macroeconomics Deals with the economy as a whole. Macroeconomics focuses on the determinants of total national income, deals with aggregates such as aggregate consumption and investment, and looks at the overall level of prices instead of individual prices.

  3. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Macroeconomics examines the behavior of individual industries. b. Both macroeconomics and microeconomics are concerned with the decisions of households and firms. c. Microeconomists look for macroeconomic foundations to explain why most markets arrive at equilibrium. d. All of the above.

  4. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Macroeconomics examines the behavior of individual industries. b. Both macroeconomics and microeconomics are concerned with the decisions of households and firms. c. Microeconomists look for macroeconomic foundations to explain why most markets arrive at equilibrium. d. All of the above.

  5. INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS aggregate behavior The behavior of all households and firms together. sticky prices Prices that do not always adjust rapidly to maintain equality between quantity supplied and quantity demanded. microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics The microeconomic principles underlying macroeconomic analysis.

  6. THE ROOTS OF MACROECONOMICS THE GREAT DEPRESSION Great Depression The period of severe economic contraction and high unemployment that began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s.

  7. THE ROOTS OF MACROECONOMICS Classical Models Classical economists applied microeconomic models, or “market clearing” models, to economy-wide problems. Simple classical models failed to explain the prolonged existence of high unemployment during the Great Depression. This provided the impetus for the development of macroeconomics.

  8. THE ROOTS OF MACROECONOMICS The Keynesian Revolution In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Much of macroeconomics has roots in Keynes’s work. According to Keynes, it is not prices and wages that determine the level of employment, as classical models had suggested, but instead the level of aggregate demand for goods and services.

  9. THE ROOTS OF MACROECONOMICS RECENT MACROECONOMIC HISTORY Fine-Tuning in the 1960s fine-tuning The phrase used by Walter Heller to refer to the government’s role in regulating inflation and unemployment.

  10. Which of the following ideas was central in Keynesian theory? a. The invisible hand. The forces of supply and demand ensure that a market will quickly adjust to deviations from equilibrium. b. Self-correcting prices and wages determine the level of output and employment in the economy. c. Government intervention can be used to affect the level of output and employment in the economy. d. Monetary policy can bring the economy out of a recession, or a depression.

  11. Which of the following ideas was central in Keynesian theory? a. The invisible hand. The forces of supply and demand ensure that a market will quickly adjust to deviations from equilibrium. b. Self-correcting prices and wages determine the level of output and employment in the economy. c. Government intervention can be used to affect the level of output and employment in the economy. d. Monetary policy can bring the economy out of a recession, or a depression.

  12. THE ROOTS OF MACROECONOMICS Disillusionment in the 1970s and Early 1980s stagflation Occurs when the overall price level rises rapidly (inflation) during periods of recession or high and persistent unemployment (stagnation).

  13. THE ROOTS OF MACROECONOMICS Good Times in the 1990s, Pause in 2000–2001, and Recovery in 2002–2005 The strong economy in the 1990s and recovery in 2002–2005 did not lead to a convergence of views of macroeconomists about how the macroeconomy works. The discipline of macroeconomics is still in flux, and many important issues have yet to be resolved.

  14. MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS Three of the major concerns of macroeconomics are: ■ Inflation ■ Output growth ■ Unemployment

  15. For economists, the main measure of how an economy is doing is: a. Aggregate output. b. Aggregate employment. c. The aggregate price level. d. The growth rate of the population.

  16. For economists, the main measure of how an economy is doing is: a. Aggregate output. b. Aggregate employment. c. The aggregate price level. d. The growth rate of the population.

  17. MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS INFLATION AND DEFLATION inflation An increase in the overall price level. hyperinflation A period of very rapid increases in the overall price level. deflation A decrease in the overall price level.

  18. MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS OUTPUT GROWTH: SHORT RUN AND LONG RUN business cycle The cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy. aggregate output The total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period.

  19. MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS recession A period during which aggregate output declines. Conventionally, a period in which aggregate output declines for two consecutive quarters. depression A prolonged and deep recession.

  20. MACROECONOMIC CONCERNS UNEMPLOYMENT unemployment rate The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.

  21. In microeconomic theory, which of the following happens as the labor market eliminates unemployment and restores its equilibrium? a. The equilibrium wage rises above the wage that prevailed when there was unemployment. b. As it moves toward equilibrium, the market experiences an increase in the quantity of labor demanded and a decrease in the quantity supplied. c. The market will turn a shortage into a surplus. d. Supply and demand will shift, but equilibrium price remain the same in the end.

  22. In microeconomic theory, which of the following happens as the labor market eliminates unemployment and restores its equilibrium? a. The equilibrium wage rises above the wage that prevailed when there was unemployment. b. As it moves toward equilibrium, the market experiences an increase in the quantity of labor demanded and a decrease in the quantity supplied. c. The market will turn a shortage into a surplus. d. Supply and demand will shift, but equilibrium price remain the same in the end.

  23. GOVERNMENT IN THE MACROECONOMY There are three kinds of policy that the government has used to influence the macroeconomy: 1. Fiscal policy 2. Monetary policy 3. Growth or supply-side policies

  24. GOVERNMENT IN THE MACROECONOMY FISCAL POLICY fiscal policy Government policies concerning taxes and expenditures (spending).

  25. GOVERNMENT IN THE MACROECONOMY MONETARY POLICY monetary policy The tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the quantity of money in the economy.

  26. GOVERNMENT IN THE MACROECONOMY GROWTH POLICIES supply-side policies Government policies that focus on stimulating aggregate supply instead of aggregate demand.

  27. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY • Macroeconomics focuses on four groups: • households and • firms, which together compose the private sector, • the government (the public sector), and • the rest of the world (the international sector).

  28. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY THE CIRCULAR FLOW DIAGRAM circular flow A diagram showing the income received and payments made by each sector of the economy.

  29. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY FIGURE 5.1 The Circular Flow of Payments

  30. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY transfer payments Cash payments made by the government to people who do not supply goods, services, or labor in exchange for these payments. They include Social Security benefits, veterans’ benefits, and welfare payments. Everyone’s expenditures go somewhere. It is impossible to sell something without there being a buyer, and it is impossible to make a payment without there being a recipient. Every transaction must have two sides.

  31. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY THE THREE MARKET ARENAS Another way of looking at the ways households, firms, the government, and the rest of the world relate to each other is to consider the markets in which they interact. The three market arenas are: 1. Goods-and-services market 2. Labor market 3. Money (financial) market

  32. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY Goods-and-Services Market Firms supply to the goods-and-services market. Households, the government, and firms demand from this market. Labor Market In this market, households supply labor, and firms and the government demand labor.

  33. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY Money Market Households supply funds to this market in the expectation of earning income, and also demand (borrow) funds from this market. Firms, government, and the rest of the world also engage in borrowing and lending, coordinated by financial institutions.

  34. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY Treasury bonds, notes, and bills Promissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money. corporate bondsPromissory notes issued by corporations when they borrow money.

  35. All of the following are debt instruments, or promissory notes issued by a borrower, except one. Which one? a. Treasury bonds. b. Treasury notes. c. Treasury bills. d. Corporate Stocks. e. Corporate bonds.

  36. All of the following are debt instruments, or promissory notes issued by a borrower, except one. Which one? a. Treasury bonds. b. Treasury notes. c. Treasury bills. d. Corporate Stocks. e. Corporate bonds.

  37. THE COMPONENTS OF THE MACROECONOMY shares of stockFinancial instruments that give to the holder a share in the firm’s ownership and therefore the right to share in the firm’s profits. dividends The portion of a corporation’s profits that the firm pays out each period to its shareholders.

  38. THE METHODOLOGY OF MACROECONOMICS CONNECTIONS TO MICROECONOMICS The reason for looking to microeconomics for help in explaining macroeconomic events is simple: Macroeconomic behavior is the sum of all the microeconomic decisions made by individual households and firms. If the movements of macroeconomic aggregates, such as total output or total employment, reflect decisions made by individual firms and households, we cannot understand the former without some knowledge of the factors that influence the latter.

  39. THE METHODOLOGY OF MACROECONOMICS AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY aggregate demand The total demand for goods and services in an economy. aggregate supply The total supply of goods and services in an economy.

  40. The logic behind the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves is: a. Identical to the market supply and market demand curves. b. More abstract than the logic of individual supply and demand curves. c. More complex than the logic of market supply and demand. d. Less abstract and complex than the logic of market supply and demand. e. Irrational because it is impossible to sum all microeconomic decisions.

  41. The logic behind the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves is: a. Identical to the market supply and market demand curves. b. More abstract than the logic of individual supply and demand curves. c. More complex than the logic of market supply and demand. d. Less abstract and complex than the logic of market supply and demand. e. Irrational because it is impossible to sum all microeconomic decisions.

  42. THE METHODOLOGY OF MACROECONOMICS FIGURE 5.2 The Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Curves

  43. THE U.S. ECONOMY SINCE 1900:TRENDS AND CYCLES EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION: THE BUSINESS CYCLE FIGURE 5.3 A Typical Business Cycle

  44. Which of the following terms applies to the characteristics of the typical business cycle? a. Regular, recurrent, symmetric. b. Irregular, recurrent, symmetric. c. Irregular, recurrent, asymmetric. d. Periods of expansion that are equal in length to the periods of contraction.

  45. Which of the following terms applies to the characteristics of the typical business cycle? a. Regular, recurrent, symmetric. b. Irregular, recurrent, symmetric. c. Irregular, recurrent, asymmetric. d. Periods of expansion that are equal in length to the periods of contraction.

  46. THE U.S. ECONOMY SINCE 1900:TRENDS AND CYCLES expansion or boom The period in the business cycle from a trough up to a peak, during which output and employment rise. contraction, recession, or slump The period in the business cycle from a peak down to a trough, during which output and employment fall.

  47. THE U.S. ECONOMY SINCE 1900:TRENDS AND CYCLES FIGURE 5.4 Real GDP, 1900–2004

  48. THE U.S. ECONOMY SINCE 1900:TRENDS AND CYCLES THE U.S. ECONOMY SINCE 1970 FIGURE 5.5 Real GDP, 1970 I–2005 II

  49. THE U.S. ECONOMY SINCE 1900:TRENDS AND CYCLES FIGURE 5.6 Unemployment Rate, 1970 I–2005 II

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