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Vital Signs and Medical Emergencies

Explore the mechanisms of homeostasis in evaluating vital signs, including heartbeat, blood pressure, temperature, and respiratory rate. Learn to recognize and respond to medical emergencies such as shock, cardiac arrest, and trauma, with detailed information on assessing and managing different conditions. Be prepared to handle diverse scenarios effectively. Elevate your knowledge in managing health crises.

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Vital Signs and Medical Emergencies

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  1. Vital Signs and Medical Emergencies Homeostasis, mechanisms that we use to evaluate vital signs

  2. Vital Signs • HOMEOSTASIS

  3. HOMEOSTASIS A CONSTANCY IN THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE BODY

  4. HOMEOSTASIS • Primary mechanisms:HeartbeatBlood pressureBody temperatureRespiratory rateSensorium

  5. Heart Rate (Pulse) • Adult • 60 to 100 beats per minute • Children under 10 • 70 to 120 beats per minute

  6. Radial artery Brachial Carotid artery Apical pulses Heart Rate (Pulse)

  7. Measure of the force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction & relaxation. Measured pressure when the heart is relaxed: Diastolic Measured pressure when the heart is contracted: Systolic Measured with a Sphygmomanometer Blood Pressure

  8. Blood Pressure • Recorded in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) with systolic over diastolic • Normal adult systolic: 95-140 mm Hg • Normal adult diastolic: 60-90 mm Hg • 120/80 mmHg considered normal

  9. Hypertension Persistently elevation above 140/90 mmHg Hypotension Persistently less than 95/60 mmHg Abnormalities of Blood Pressure

  10. Respiratory Rate Breathes per minute Normal Values: Adults: 12 – 20 bpm Children: 20 – 30 bpm Newborns: 30 – 60 bpm

  11. Know normal values Respiratory System delivers oxygen to the body’s tissues and eliminates carbon dioxide

  12. Pulse Oximeter • Normal Pulse Oximeter = 95% to 100%

  13. Methods of Delivering Oxygen Nasal Cannula Masks Oxyhood Ventilators

  14. Tachypnea Greater than 20 breaths per minute (adult) Bradypnea – decrease is breathing Dyspnea- difficulty breathing Apnea- no breathing Abnormalities of Respiratory Rate

  15. ELECTROLYTE BALANCEALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESSSensorium-mental alertness

  16. Medical Emergencies

  17. Medical Emergencies • Major Emergency • Remain calm • Know your role • Be prepared • Seen mostly in the ER • Minor Emergency • Remain calm • Know your role • Be prepared • Most common in x-ray department

  18. TRAUMA- X-RAY READY

  19. SPINAL INJURY PT

  20. X-TABLE LATERAL CERVICAL SPINE

  21. Dislocation of the C3 and C4 articular processes Note that C7 is not well demonstrated

  22. Some studies of spinal trauma have recorded a missed injury rate as high as 33%.

  23. GSW TO ABD

  24. Ensure an open airway (ABC’s) Control Bleeding Take Measures to Prevent shock 4. Attend to wounds or fractures 5.Provide emotional support 6. Continually reevaluate and follow up General Priorities

  25. Fractured Forearm

  26. Trauma and Surgical Radiography

  27. Major Medical Emergencies ALOC Shock Anaphylactic shock Diabetic Crisis Respiratory Distress Cardiac Arrest Cerebrovascular accident

  28. Emergency Cart (crash cart) • Know where it is in your department • Familiarize yourself with its contents • Have BLS with AED training • Have one in the room when an iodinated contrast media will be used

  29. Head Injuries Levels of consciousness • Least severe • Responsive • More serious • Can be roused, but drowsy • Even more serious • Responds to pinches or pinpricks • Most serious • Comatose, non-responsive

  30. Hypovolemic Loss of blood or tissue Cardiogenic Cardiac disorders Neurogenic Spinal anesthesia or damage to spinal cord Vasogenic Caused by sepsis, deep anesthesia or anaphylaxis Shock

  31. An allergic reaction to contrast media Iodinated Can happen quickly or have a delayed reaction Requires prompt recognition and treatment from the technologist More severe usually have quick onset Less severe takes longer for reaction Anaphylactic Shock

  32. Diabetic Crisis Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia

  33. Hypoglycemia • Excessive insulin- low blood sugar • Can result from normal dose of insulin & no food • Need carbohydrate

  34. Hyperglycemia • Excessive sugar- low insulin • Usually seen in diabetics • Pt. needs insulin

  35. Respiratory Distress Asthma Choking

  36. Asthma • Stressful situations • Inhaler or medical assistance • Remain calm and confident

  37. Choking • Cannot speak • Universal distress signal • Encourage to cough • Heimlich Maneuver

  38. Cardiac Arrest Crushing pain in chest Pain down arm Begin CPR and use AED

  39. Cerebrovascular Accident Paralysis on one or both sides Slurred or loss of speech Dizziness Loss of vision Complete unconsciousness

  40. Nausea and Vomiting • Tell patient to breath deeply and slowly • Turn on side if possible or turn head • Get emesis basin and moist cloths

  41. Radiologic Technology • You never know when a medical emergency may occur. • Helping your patients depends on your abilities to stay calm and perform you duties!

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