Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat • The Transfer of Heat • Thermal Energy and States of Matter • Uses of Heat

2. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Temperature • Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles in matter.

3. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Temperature • Temperature changes cause the level of the liquid inside a thermometer to rise and fall.

4. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Temperature Scales • The three common scales for measuring temperature are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.

5. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat To convert a Fahrenheit temperature to a Celsius temperature, use the following formula: ºC = 5/9 (ºF – 32) For example, if the temperature in your classroom is 68ºF, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius? ºC = 5/9 (68 – 32) ºC = 5/9 X 36 ºC = 20 The temperature of your classroom is 20ºC. Converting Units

6. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Practice Problem While at the beach, you measure the ocean temperature as 77ºF. What is the temperature of the ocean in degrees Celsius? 25ºC Converting Units

7. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Specific Heat • The specific heat of three different materials was measured. These data are shown in the graph.

8. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Water, sand, and iron Reading Graphs: What three materials are compared in the graph? Specific Heat

9. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat About 4,200 J would be required Interpreting Data: About how much heat is required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 K? Specific Heat

10. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Sand Drawing Conclusions: According to the graph, which material requires more heat to raise its temperature by 1 K, iron or sand? Specific Heat

11. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Specific Heat • A material with a high specific heat can absorb a great deal of thermal energy without a great change in temperature.

12. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Comparing and Contrasting • As you read, compare and contrast temperature, thermal energy, and heat by completing a table like the one below. Energy Measured Units Average kinetic energy of particles Fahrenheit or Celsius degrees, kelvins Temperature Total energy of all particles in an object Thermal Energy Joules Heat Energy transferred Joules

13. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Temperature • Click the Video button to watch a movie about temperature.

14. Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Links on Temperature and Heat • Click the SciLinks button for links on temperature and heat.

15. End of Section:Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat

16. - The Transfer of Heat Heat Moves One Way • If two objects have different temperatures, heat will flow from the warmer object to the colder one.

17. Transferring Thermal Energy 6.2 Heat Conductors • The rate at which heat moves depends on the material. • Heat moves faster by conduction in solids and liquids than in gases. • In gases, particles are farther apart, so collisions with other particles occur less frequently than they do in solids or liquids.

18. Transferring Thermal Energy 6.2 Heat Conductors • The best conductors of heat are metals. • In a piece of metal, there are electrons that are not bound to individual atoms, but can move easily through the metal.

19. Transferring Thermal Energy 6.2 Heat Conductors • Collisions between these electrons and other particles in the metal enable thermal energy to be transferred more quickly than in other material.

20. - The Transfer of Heat Insulators • Air between the panes of this window acts as an insulator to slow the transfer of heat.

21. - The Transfer of Heat Identifying Main Ideas • As you read the section “How Is Heat Transferred?,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that further explain the main idea. Main Idea Heat can be transferred in three ways. Detail Detail Detail Conduction– transfer of heat between particles without the movement of matter Convection– transfer of heat by the movement of currents in a fluid Radiation– transfer ofenergy by electromagnetic waves

22. - The Transfer of Heat Links on Heat Transfer • Click the SciLinks button for links on forms of heat transfer.

23. - The Transfer of Heat Insulators • Click the Video button to watch a movie about insulators.

24. End of Section:The Transfer of Heat

25. Thermal Energy and States of Matter States of Matter • Most matter on Earth can exist in three states–solid, liquid, and gas.

26. Thermal Energy and States of Matter Changes of State • Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy is absorbed or released.

27. Thermal Energy and States of Matter Thermal Expansion • As the thermal energy of matter increases, its particles spread out and the substance expands. A bimetallic strip in a thermostat contracts or expands depending on whether it is cooled or warmed.

28. Thermal Energy and States of Matter Key Terms: Examples: evaporation boiling condensation thermal expansion Building Vocabulary • Using a word in a sentence helps you think about how best to explain the word. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence for each Key Term. Key Terms: Examples: state If vaporization takes place at the surface of a liquid, it is called evaporation. Water can exist in three different states, or forms. change of state The physical change from one state of matter to another is called a change of state. At higher temperatures, vaporization can occur below the surface of a liquid as well. This process is called boiling. melting The change of state from a solid to a liquid is called melting. A change from the gas state to the liquid state is called condensation. freezing The change of state from a liquid to a solid is called freezing. The expanding of matter when it is heated is known as thermal expansion.

29. Thermal Energy and States of Matter Links on Changes of State • Click the SciLinks button for links on changes of state.

30. End of Section:Thermal Energy and States of Matter

31. - Uses of Heat External Combustion Engines • Engines that burn fuel outside the engine in a boiler are called external combustion engines.

32. - Uses of Heat Internal Combustion Engines • Most automobiles use four-stroke engines. These four strokes occur repeatedly in each of the engine’s cylinders.

33. - Uses of Heat Four-Stroke Engine Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about four-stroke engines.

34. - Uses of Heat Cooling Systems • A refrigerator is a device that transfers thermal energy from inside the refrigerator to the room outside.

35. - Uses of Heat Sequencing • A sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs. As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows how refrigerators work. Write each phase of the cooling system’s cycle in a separate circle. How Refrigerators Work Refrigerant absorbs heat. Expansion valve decreases refrigerant’s temperature. Compressor increases refrigerant’s temperature. Refrigerant releases heat.

36. End of Section:Uses of Heat

37. Graphic Organizer Heat is the transfer of Thermal energy by Convection Radiation Conduction

38. End of Section:Graphic Organizer