Sergio Rosim Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro Camilo Daleles Rennó João Ricardo de Freitas Oliveira

1. TERRAHYDRO – a Distributed Hydrological System using Graph Structure for Unified Water Flow Representation • Sergio Rosim • Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro • Camilo Daleles Rennó • João Ricardo de Freitas Oliveira • National Institute for Space Research - INPE IGARSS 29/ 07 / 2011

2. INPE • Mission - To foster science and technology in earth and space context to offer products and regular services in benefit of the country. • TERRAHYDRO • TerraHydro is a Distributed Hydrological System created to develop hydrographic basin water flow GIS applications.

3. TerraHydro TerraHydro proposes a different computational representation for dealing with water flow in GIS applications. These applications involve the concept of local flow, extracted from terrain, which is the basis for most spatially explicit distributed hydrological models.

4. TerraHydro Different computer structures based on regular grids, triangular irregular networks, contour lines, and irregular polygon tessellations have been used to extract local flow, entirely linked to the data structure chosen for terrain representation. Then, each local flow set requires its own specific extraction algorithms, as well as different formats to store its associated local flow.

5. TerraHydro TerraHydro proposes a data structure based on Graph Theory that unifies computer local flow representation, independent of the data structures used for terrain representation permitting that a set of operations for water management be formally defined over this new structure.

6. TerraHydro - Concept Extract local flows from different computer surface representation The local flows are mapped in a structure similar to computer surface representation strucutre

7. TerraHydro - Concept The local flows are mapped to only one structure that will be used to develop the applications The applications become independent of the original computer surface representation structure

8. TerraHydro - LDD to graph map Each LDD grid cell represents a graph node and the flow from a given cell to a neighbor cell defines a graph edge that links these two cells

9. TerraHydro - Tin to graph map As TIN local flow has two types of propagation geometry, each type needs a different approach to map TIN local flow to graph.

10. Triangle crosses local flow Each triangle side starting or ending as a local flow represents a graph node. Local flow goes from one side to another side of a triangle, passing through their middle points. The graph nodes identifiers are the same associates to the triangles sides during the triangulation process.

11. Common triangles edge local flow When a local flow goes along a triangle side, the vertices of that side represent graph nodes. The graph node identifier corresponding to triangle vertex is computed adding the total number of triangles sides to the vertex identifier from triangulation.

12. TerraHydro –Contour lines to graph map The local flow goes from each cell to one or more neighbors, passing through their centers. The graph node stores the cell identification number and a graph edge is a link between two cells. Multi flow issue is intrinsic in the contour lines data model. Each cell represents a water flow uniform space.

13. TerraHydro –Voronoi to graph map Each Voronoi polygon is a graph node and each graph edge represents a link between two neighbor polygons. Graph nodes store the Voronoi identification numbers existing in the Voronoi data structure which is similar to the grid cell approach.

14. Plugins Plugins Hidro TerraView TerraLib Database TerraHydro – Develop environment • TerraLib - Open-source GIS software library. TerraLib supports coding of geographical applications using spatial databases, and stores data in different DBMS including MySQL and PostgreSQL

15. TerraHydro – Develop environment Plugins Plugins Hidro TerraView TerraLib Database TerraHydro is a TerraView plugin, using all TerraView funcionalities TerraView - GIS application built using the TerraLib GIS library. TerraView main goal is to make available to the GIS Community an easy geographic data viewer with resources that include database queries and data analysis, exemplifying the use of the TerraLib library

16. TerraHydro – Funcionality LDD Extraction: for each grid cell the local flow is defined considering the steepest downstream regarding the 8 grid cell neighbors. LDD is the basis for developing applications involving water resources. Upscaling definition:redefinition of local flows in a grid of lower resolution from the local flow extracted from a high resolution grid (LDD)

17. TerraHydro – Funcionality Accumulation area: each grid cell receives the accumulated value along the paths that is linked with that cell. Drainage definition:all grid cells subset having accumulated area value greater than that of a user defined threshold. Tocantis Amazonian River drainage definition example

18. Example of drainage: Tocantis River - Amazonian Basin Tocantins Drainage Zooms

19. TerraHydro – Funcionality River reaches: define drainage segments, between water springs and junctions, between junctions, or between junctions and mouth of the drainage. Basin delimitations: the delimitations can be done by selecting one or more points over the drainage. TerraHydro finds the basin for each given point or for each river reach basin.

20. TerraHydro – ExampleAccumulation Area / Drainage

21. Basin Delimitation for a Point

22. River Reaches

23. Basin Delimitations for each River Reach

24. TerraHydro – ExampleBasin and Drainage (SRTM) Red: Basin delimitation Blue: drianage of main Rivers, extracted from accumulation area

25. TerraHydro – ExampleBasin and Accumulation Area Image size: 1.244.160.000 - Lines: 32.400 Columns: 38.400 - Processing time: 360:16:25 Initial pit number: 65.670.466 - Unsolved pit number: 0

26. TerraHydro X ArcGis Hydro ToolsPurus River Yellow lines: ArcGis Red lines: TerraHydro

27. This work was partially supported byFAPESPSão Paulo Research Foudation

28. THANK YOU ! sergio@dpi.inpe.br www.dpi.inpe.br