Methods of Identification in Forensic Medicine

1. Methods of Identification in Forensic Medicine dr. Yudha Nurhantari, Ph.D Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University

2. Introduction • People die due to natural or unnatural death • Unnatural death : disaster, transportation accident, criminals, accidents, etc • Not all of the died people are known /identified need identification

3. The important of identification • Respect of death person for official, statistical, and legal purposes • Discharge legal claims and obligation in relation to property, estate, and debts. • To facilitate police enquiries into overtly criminal or suspicious deaths.

4. Identification • Comparison of the evidence with references • Biological Evidences : human body  complete: fresh, decomposed  incomplete: mutilated, skeleton, part of human body (blood stain, semen, hair, fingerprints etc)

5. Non biological evidence: documents : ID card properties: cloths, shoes, accessories location in the scene

6. Cadaver identification Antemortem data Post mortem Antemortem data data Examination Medical record of Cadaver Family, etc Identified Unidentified Post mortem data

7. Biological evidences Characteristics for Identification • Facial appearance • Age, sex, Racial and ethnic characteristics, Posture , Skin color, Hair : color, structure Nevus pigmentosus, Tatto, Scar

10. Sex determination • Tanda kelamin sekunder • Pemeriksaan darah • Anthropology • etc

11. Age estimation • Rambut • Tekstur kulit • Gigi • Penulangan • Anthropology

12. Anthropology forensic

13. Anthropology forensic • Human/non human • Race • Sex • Age • Posture

14. Odontology Forensic • Every body has a characteristic of the teeth • Use dentition by comparing am –pm data • Comparison of dentition with bite marks • Obtaining DNA to assist the identification of suspects

15. Odontology Forensic

17. 5.Fingerprints/Dermatoglify • Long history, China 2000 yrs ago • Friction ridge of skin  hills , valleys

18. Blood typing • Use multi systems: - ABO - Rh - Mn - Lewis - Duffy, etc

19. DNA fingerprints • DNA fingerprinting for forensic purposes was developed by Alec Jeffreys in 1985 • DNA is a powerful investigative tool • no two people have the same DNA • DNA evidence collected from a crime scene can be linked to a suspect or can eliminate a suspect from suspicion

20. We Inherit DNA characteristics P1 2nd gen aa AA A a X A a A a AA Aa 1st Gen X Aa Aa aa Aa 25%:50%:25%

22. Thousands of identical DNA sequences in each strand of DNA • The number of repetitive sequences - are different for each person, - but constant for a given individual - transmitted from parents in a regular fashion

23. STR (short Tandem Repeat) DNA • Multiple copies of identical base sequences , arranged in tandem, one behind another. • Like a gene, a loci of STR can have multiple allele.  6, 5, 7, 8

24. DNA analysis • DNA extraction • Amplification • Electrophoresis • Genotyping

26. Repeats (8-10) (6-6) (6-8) (6-10)

27. Matching the evidence vs the ante mortem data E 1 2 3 (8,5) E=2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

28. Mutilated body L1 L2 L3 A1 A2 B1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 (7,4) 1: L1.L2,A2 (8,5) 2: L3,A1,B2

29. Mitochondrial DNA • mtDNA is non nuclear DNA • Structure : circular • The cell contain thousands mitochondria • Inherited solely from mother • Cannot differentiate between individuals of the same maternal line. • The transmission of mtDNA is consistent over many generations.

30. DNA Mitokondria

31. DNA analysis • DNA extraction • Amplification • Sequencing • Sequence variations

33. Tsar Tsarina Prince Philip Duke of Edinburg Xenia Cheremeteff-Sfiri

36. What kind of sample ? Blood Teeth Sperm Hair Urine Bone Muscle