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Introductory Psychology Concepts

The Nervous System. Introductory Psychology Concepts. The Nervous System. Central Nervous System. Nervous System. Complex network carrying information throughout the body. Central Nervous System (CNS). Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Composed of the brain and spinal cord.

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Introductory Psychology Concepts

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  1. The Nervous System Introductory Psychology Concepts The Nervous System

  2. Central Nervous System Nervous System • Complex network carrying information throughout the body Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Composed of the brain and spinal cord. • Spinal cord is the primary means for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

  3. Central Nervous System Central Nervous System(CNS) • The Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic system Corpus callosum Cerebrum Cerebellum Pons Medulla

  4. Peripheral Nervous System Nervous System • Complex network carrying information throughout the body Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) • Made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites. • Branches out from the spinal cord and brain to reach the extremities of the body.

  5. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Somatic division • Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic division • Voluntary muscle activation Autonomicdivision • Autonomic division • Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; • Basically involuntary Sympathetic(generally activates) Parasympathetic(generally inhibits)

  6. Peripheral -Somatic System Sensory neurons: Carrying messages to the central nervous system Motor neurons:Carrying messages from the central nervous system to the voluntary muscles • Peripheral - Somatic System Dendrites Axon Cell body Myelin sheath Terminal buttons The Primary Components of the Neuron

  7. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Somatic division • Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic division • Voluntary muscle activation Autonomicdivision • Autonomic division • Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; • Basically involuntary Sympathetic(generally activates) Parasympathetic(generally inhibits)

  8. Sympathetic division: • Fight or flight response • Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organism’s resources to respond to a threat. Chain of sympathetic ganglia Eye:Dilates pupil Salivary glands:Inhibits flow of saliva Heart:Accelerates heartbeat Lungs:Dilates bronchi Postganglionic fibers Digestive tract:Inhibits digestion Liver:Stimulates release of glylcogen Urinary bladder:Inhibits bladder contraction Ganglion Secretion of epinephrine by adrenal gland

  9. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Somatic division • Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic division • Voluntary muscle activation Autonomicdivision • Autonomic division • Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; • Basically involuntary Sympathetic(generally activates) Parasympathetic(generally inhibits)

  10. Parasympathetic division: • Maintaining normal functions • Acts to calm the body after an emergency or stressful situation has ended. Eye:Constricts pupil Salivary glands:Stimulates flow of saliva Heart:Slows heartbeat Lungs:Constricts bronchi Digestive tract:Stimulates digestion Liver:Stimulates release of bile Urinary bladder:Contracts bladder

  11. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Somatic division • Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic division • Voluntary muscle activation Autonomicdivision • Autonomic division • Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; • Basically involuntary Sympathetic(generally activates) Parasympathetic(generally inhibits)

  12. Quick Quiz • Write down everything you remember from the presentation

  13. Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

  14. Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

  15. Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and describe how they communicate information.

  16. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Thalamus Corpuscallosum Introductory Psychology Concepts Hypothalamus The Brain Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  17. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  18. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Corpus callosumBridge of fibers passinginformation between thetwo cerebral hemispheres Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  19. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum ThalamusRelay center for incomingsensory information Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  20. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum CerebrumInvolved in sensing,thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  21. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum AmygdalaLimbic system structureinvolved in emotion andaggression Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  22. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum HippocampusLimbic system structureinvolved in learning andmemory Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  23. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum CerebellumCoordinates fine musclemovement, balance Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  24. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Brain stem Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  25. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Spinal cordTransmits informationbetween brain and rest ofbody; handles simplereflexes Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  26. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Reticular formationGroup of fibers thatcarries stimulation relatedto sleep and arousalthrough brain stem Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  27. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum MedullaRegulates vital functionssuch as breathing andcirculation Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  28. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum PonsInvolved in sleep andarousal Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  29. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum Pituitary gland“Master” gland that regulates other endocrineglands Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  30. Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebrum HypothalamusRegulates basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control Thalamus Corpuscallosum The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pons Cerebellum Medulla Brain stem Reticular formation Spinal cord

  31. Identify the brain’s key structures and functions.

  32. Identify the brain’s key structures and functions.

  33. Identify the brain’s key structures and functions.

  34. Quick Quiz • Write down everything you remember from the presentation

  35. Perception • Giving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors. Sensation Perception

  36. Perception • The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).

  37. Perception • The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).

  38. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception • Perception • Giving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction). 4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.

  39. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. 5. Neural representationis compared with previously stored information in brain. Sensation Perception 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction). 4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.

  40. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception • Perception • Giving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. 1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors. 3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features. 5. Neural representationis compared with previously stored information in brain. Sensation Perception 6. Matching process results in recognition and interpretation of stimulus. 2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction). 4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.

  41. Gestalt • organizing the separate parts of our perceptual field into a unified and meaningful whole One stimulus, two perceptions This reversible figure illustrates alternating figure-ground relations. It can be seen as a vase,or as two people facing one another. Whichever percept exists at the moment is seen as figure against background.

  42. Depth Perception: translating two-dimensional information (length and width) into three-dimensional perceptions. Patterns of light and shadow can serve as monocular depth cues.Drawing Hands, by M.C. Escher

  43. Factors Affecting Perception: The power of context is shown in this figure. Note how the B and the 13 are identical. (Source: Coren & Ward, 1989.)

  44. Concept, Expectation Combination and interpretation of “whole” Guides, analysis Breakdown/analysis of stimuli BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING TOP-DOWN PROCESSING Interpretation of incoming stimuli Detection of individual stimulus elements

  45. Visual Illusions The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner.

  46. The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner. However, if had been built with true right angles, it would have looked as it does in figure (b). b.

  47. b. The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner. However, if had been built with true right angles, it would have looked as it does in figure (b). To compensate for this illusion, the Parthenon was designed to have a slight upward curvature as shown in (c). (Source: Coren & Ward, 1989, p.5.) c.

  48. Quick Quiz • Write down everything you remember from the presentation

  49. Next 3 Classes: • Monday, March 5: Chapters 5 and 6 • Wednesday, March 7: Chapter 7 pgs. 242 – 250 • Monday, March 12: pgs. 305 - 321

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