2º ESO

1. 2º ESO UNIT 9

2. VOCABULARY • IstheremuchTRAFFICin thestreets ? • Solutionsor positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT • Advantages and Disadvantages

3. VOCABULARY • IstheremuchNOISE in thestreets ? • Solutionsor positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT • Advantages and Disadvantages

4. VOCABULARY • IstheremuchPOLLUTION in thestreets ? • Solutionsor positive things : PUBLIC TRANSPORT, OPEN SPACES • Advantages and Disadvantages

5. VOCABULARY • IstheremuchGRAFFITI in thestreets ? • Solutionsor positive things : PARK , YOUTH CLUB , OPEN SPACES • Advantages and Disadvantages

6. VOCABULARY • IstheremuchCRIME in thestreets ? • Solutionsor positive things : SECURITY CAMERA • Advantages and Disadvantages

7. VOCABULARY • IstheremuchLITTER in thestreets ? • Solutionsor positive things : BIN • Advantages and Disadvantages

8. VOCABULARY • IstheremuchVANDALISM in thestreets ? • Solutionsor positive things : SECURITY CAMERAS • Advantages and Disadvantages

10. Countable nounsare things that can be counted. A countable noun can be singular or plural: one apple, two apples... When we want to count them we use ….. • A/An (singular / just one) A/An … or any cardinal number ten houses An apple A doctor A class three colleges A meal • SOME Some cups Some books Some libraries Some flights • ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative) I don’t have any cups at home (I have some glasses at home) They bought some CDs but they didn’t buy any books • A LOT OF (It means MUCHOS) A lot of questions A lot of problems A lot of issues • MANY (As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative) They didn’t asked many questions. (They asked a lot of questions) Do they have many problems with the baby? Yes, they have a lot of problems with him • You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/my/the car...) but you can use plural countable nouns alone

11. Uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted so they only have singular form: some rice, some tea... They usually refer to abstractions (such as confidence or advice) or collectives (such as equipment or luggage). Information, happiness, equipment… • Some and Any are used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

12. Some uncountable nouns in English can be countable in other languages. Here you have a list of the most common uncountable English words: haven’t got any sugar advice        bread        news         luggage        baggage         furniture       spaghetti       pasta         weather         research      work        money         grass         scenery          health        progress º • COUNTING THE UNCOUNTABLES. • SOME Some sugar Some money Some water Some time • ANY (As SOME but in negative and interrogative) Have you got any salt? Yes I have some salt but I • A LOT OF A lot of traffic A lot of time A lot of sleep A lot of confidence • MUCH(As A LOT OF but in negative and interrogative) There isn’t much traffic today because it is Sunday (There was a lot of traffic yesterday) They didn’t have much time to finish the project (they have a lot of time to finish it) Expressions to count uncountable nouns. a tube of      a litre of      a kilo of        one carton/two cartons of      a slice of        a bottle of     a packet of   a tin of        an item of       a piece of      a spoonful of        a glass of       a bowl of        a loaf of     a can of

13. A / AN / SOME / ANY SUMMING UP AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE • Use a / anwith singular countablenouns. • SOME.- with plural countablenouns and uncountablenouns in + sentences. • ANY.-with plural countablenouns and uncountablenouns in – or ? sentences. • We can also use some in ? toaskfor and offerings: • Can I havesomecoffee? • Do youwantsomebiscuits?

14. some some a some some some some some / a some some some some some / an an some some Choose a / an / some

15. Use How much…? with uncountable nouns. How much water do you drink? Use How many…? with plural countable nouns. How many students do you have? Possible answers: I drink a lot of water. I drink quite a lot. I don’t drink much water. (not much) I don’t drink any water. None. Not many (students). How much / how many…?

17. The words expressing quantity or quantifiers used with countable and uncountable words are:

19. Some nouns are countable with one meaning and uncountable with another meaning:  A fish/Some fish         A paper (a newspaper)/Some paper        An iron/Some iron           A wood/Some wood     A hair/Some hair        A coffee (a cup)/Some coffee                       A glass/Some glass           A time/Some time

20. Exercises • http://www.mdelu.com/useex/coun1.htm You have to choose the correct quantifier depending on the following word • http://www.mdelu.com/useex/counta/count2.htm you have to quantify the uncountable words according to the pictures • http://www.mdelu.com/useex/counta_mis/count3.htm you will see some typical mistakes of misuse of quantifiers.

21. Indefinitepronouns • We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who,what or where they are. • We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things: • -wherePLACES • -one PEOPLE • - thingOBJETCS We use SOME or ANY in affirmative and interrogative and negative sentences • SOME AFFIRMATIVE • ANY NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

22. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

23. Indefinitepronouns are singular, so theverbmustwear “s” in thepresent simple and youmust use “is” and “was” with “tobe”.E.g: • Somebodyis at thedoor. (Alguien está en la puerta.) • Everybodyloves chocolate. (A todo el mundo le encanta el chocolate.) • Nothingwaseverthesame. (Nada fue lo mismo.) • Isthereanywhereyouwanttogo? (¿Hay un sitio dónde quieras ir?)

24. Would you like something to drink? • I neednothing • I wentnowhere • Nobody came to the meeting

25. Someone / Something/ SomewhereAnyone/ Anything / Anywhere something • Shebought ____________ in thesupermarket • I saw _______________there.(people) • I did not see _______________ there. • Did you see _______________ there? (people) • Would you like _______________ better? • I want _______________to eat. • Have you seen my car keys _______________? • ________________ phoned while we were out, but they did not leave a message. •  They are looking for ____________ to settle down and have children. They want to find a quiet place to lead a quiet life. • "Is there ____________ at home?“ someone anything anyone something something anywhere Somebody Somewhere anybody

26. somewhere somewhere nowhere something • I spent the night ______________________ near the beach. • There is ____________ to park here. Let's go ____________ else to park. • Would you like _______________________ to wash your hands?. • They took him ________________ in London, and he never returned. •  Please don't leave __________________ behind at home. We'll be away for a fortnight. • She needs _______________ to love. She's very lonely. • There isn't _______________ you can do to help them. • We do not need _____________ else to run this department. We can do it ourselves. • __________________ is ringing the bell. Go and see who it is somewhere anything Somebody anything anyone Someone

27. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES NEGATIVE SENTENCES NEGATIVE SENTENCES AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

28. Activities • Make the following sentences negative: x There is some milk on the floor. x There is some water in the refrigerator. x. Someone is at the door. x. Everyone is tired after the trip. • Make the following sentences positive: x. There isn't anything good on TV tonight. x. No-one is at home. x. There aren't any books on the shelf. • Answer the following questions positively and negatively: x. Are there any boys in your math class? x. Is anyone ready for the test? x. Are any of you Chinese? x. Are there any good book stores in your town? x Is anything better than chocolate ice cream? • Ask questions for the following answers: x. Nobody is at the school today; it's Sunday. x. Yes, someone is in the kitchen with Dinah.

29. ONLINE ACTIVITIES • http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/pronouns/pronouns-indefinite.php • http://www.blueblocnotes.com/activities/grammar/quantity-expressions/some-and-any-compounds-activities • http://www.grammarbank.com/indefinite-pronouns-exercise.html • http://www.english-4u.de/some_any_ex4.htm • http://www.agendaweb.org/grammar/anything-someone-exercises.html

30. SHOULD / MUST

31. Modal verbs • Rules • They are followedby a verb in the base form • I shouldstudymore • They are thesameforallthepronouns • She/they/I/ youshouldmakeitbetter • They do notneedauxiliars. Theytakedirectnegative and qestionforms • Youmustn’tsmokehere • Theynever combine withanother modal verbs • Youcan’tmustread**

32. SHOULD AND MUST • Mustisusedtotalkaboutstrongobligations and prohibitions. They are usuallyrelatedwithlaws and rules. • I mustgonow , I startworking in five minutes • Youmustweara helmetto drive a motorbike • He mustn’tdrinkalcohol, he isunderage Shouldisusedforadvices and recommendations Youshouldreadbooks in Englishifyouwanttoimproveyourvocabulary Sheshouldn’tsmokebecausesheisalwayscoughing Whereshouldwegonextsummer? STRUCTURE SUBJECT + SHOULD/MUST+ BASE FORM OF THE VERB (withoutto) SUBJECT + SHOULDN’T/MUSTN’T + BASE FORM OF THE VERB SHOULD/MUST + SUBJECT + BASE FORM?

34. YOU MUSTN’T SWIM IN THIS LAKE YOU MUSTN’T BRING A GUN, SMOKE, USE THE MOBILE AND BRING YOUR DOG AT THE SCHOOL YOU MUSTN’T SMOKE HERE YOU MUSTN’T EAT IN THE CLASSROOM

35. YOU MUST THROUGH THE LITTER INTO A BIN YOU MUST BRING A PHOTO ID

36. YOU SHOULD

37. YOU SHOULD…..

39. THIS IS THE ONE I LIKE THE MOST…

40. VOCABULARY • WATCH OUT FOR • PUT ON • SLOW DOWN • GET ON • PUT DOWN • GO INTO • RUN OVER • TAKE OF • SPEED UP • GET OFF • PICK UP • STAY OUT