CHAPTER 18

1. CHAPTER 18 • The Endocrine System • The Male Reproductive System • The Female Reproductive System

2. The Endocrine System (Ch. 18) • The Endocrine system regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth and development. • Endocrine gland – produces and releases chemical substances that signal changes in other parts of the body. (directly into the bloodstream) • Hormones – chemical substances produced by an endocrine gland.

3. Endocrine Glands Each endocrine gland plays a specific, important role in your body. Hypothalamus – located in the brain; produces “releasing hormones” that signal the release of hormones from another region of the brain. Controls many of the pituitary gland functions. Pituitary – located in the brain; controls functions including growth, reproduction, and metabolism. Adrenal – located on top of each kidney; help control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, regulate blood pressure and react to stressors; these glands release several hormones (adrenaline hormones – cortisol and aldosterone.) Thyroid – located low front of the neck; regulates the body’s overall metabolic rate and controls calcium levels in the bloodstream. Pancreas – located behind the stomach; controls sugar levels in the blood. Ovaries – located in female reproductive system; regulate egg maturation and control changes in a female’s body at puberty. Testes – located in male reproductive system; release a sex hormone that regulates sperm production and controls changes in a male’s body at puberty.

4. The Female Reproductive System • Functions: • Produce sex hormones • Produce eggs • Provide a nourishing environment in which a fertilized egg can develop into a baby. • Structure (Parts): • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes • Uterus • Vagina • Cervix

6. Female Reproductive System Vocabulary 1.) Ovaries – the reproductive glands in which eggs are produced. (2) 2.) Ova – the female sex cells (ovum = singular form) (eggs) 3.) Fallopian tubes – passageways that carry eggs away from the ovaries. (where fertilization takes place) (2) 4.) Uterus – hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ where the fertilized egg can develop and grow. 5.) Cervix – the narrow base of the uterus that expands to allow the baby to pass through during birth. 6.) Vagina – (birth canal) a hollow, muscular passage leading from the uterus to the outside of the body. 7.) Estrogen – the sex hormone that activates certain physical changes at puberty and controls the maturation of eggs. 8.) Progesterone – hormone that activates changes to a woman’s reproductive system before and during pregnancy.

7. Female Reproductive System Vocabulary cont’d 9.) Ovulation – occurs about once every month when the ovaries release a mature egg. (occurs when the girl reaches puberty) 10.) Menstrual cycle – during this cycle an ovary releases a mature egg into the fallopian tube, if not fertilized, the uterine lining is shed and a new cycle begins. (also known as a period) 11.) Menopause – the ovaries slow down hormone production, no longer releasing mature eggs and the menstrual cycle stops.

8. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle (refer to Fig. 8 pg. 472) Days 1-4: The uterine lining is shed during menstruation. (Your cycle starts on the first day of your period) Days 5-13: An egg matures in one of the ovaries, and the uterine lining thickens. Days 14-15: The ovary releases the mature egg during ovulation. Days 16-22: The egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, and the uterine lining continues to thicken. Days 23-28: The unfertilized egg enters the uterus and leaves the body through menstruation along with the uterine lining.

9. Pathway of the Ovum (egg) Produced in the ovary - Swept into the fallopian tube by the fimbria - Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube - If fertilized, the egg implants itself in the uterus for development- If not fertilized, the egg disintegrates and leaves the body through the vagina during the menstrual cycle.

10. Keeping Healthy 1.) Cleanliness 2.) Sexual Abstinence 3.) Prompt Treatment for Infections 4.) Self-Exams 5.) Medical Checkups

12. The Male Reproductive System • Functions: • Produce sex hormones • Produce and store sperm • Deliver sperm to the female reproductive system • Structure (parts) • Penis • Scrotum • Testicles (2) • Epididymis (2) • Vas Deferens (2) • Urethra • Seminal Vesicles (2) • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland)

13. The Male Reproductive System Vocabulary 1.) Penis – external sex organ through which sperm leave the body 2.) Scrotum – sac of skin that holds the testicles 3.) Testicles (Testes) – male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone 4.) Epididymis – where sperm are stored until they mature 5.) Vas Deferens – passageway the sperm travel through to get to the seminal vesicle 6.) Urethra – the tube through the penis which sperm and urine leave the body 7.) Seminal Vesicles – add fluid that nourishes the sperm 8.) Prostate Gland – add fluid that protects the sperm 9.) Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s gland) – adds a fluid that protects the sperm from acidic conditions in the urethra

14. Male Reproductive System Vocabulary con’d. 10.) Sperm – the male sex cell 11.) Testosterone – male sex hormone that affects the production of sperm and signals physical changes at puberty. 12.) Semen – mixture of sperm and fluids from prostate gland, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland. 13.) Ejaculation – the ejection of semen from the penis 14.) Fertilization – the process when a sperm cell joins with an egg cell

15. Pathway of Sperm Sperm are produced in the testes  Sperm are stored in the epididymus  Sperm travel through the vas deferens  They head to the seminal vesicles for nourishing fluid  The prostate gland and the cowper’s gland add fluid to protect the sperm  Sperm goes through the urethra and is ejected out of the penis.

16. Keeping Healthy 1.) Cleanliness 2.) Sexual Abstinence 3.) Protection from Trauma 4.) Self-Exams 5.) Medical Checkups